Editing Near-field communication (section)

== NFC standards ==
NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats and are based on existing [[radio-frequency identification]] (RFID) standards including [[ISO/IEC 14443]] and [[FeliCa]].<ref name="NFCForumSpecList">{{cite web |url=http://www.nfc-forum.org/specs/spec_list/ |title=Technical Specifications |publisher=NFC Forum |access-date=11 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804071028/http://www.nfc-forum.org/specs/spec_list |archive-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The standards include ISO/IEC 18092<ref name="ISO18092">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38578 |title=ISO/IEC 18092:2004 Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Near Field Communication -- Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1) |publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] |access-date=11 December 2011 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112191034/http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38578 |url-status=live }}</ref> and those defined by the NFC Forum. In addition to the NFC Forum, the [[GSMA]] group defined a platform for the deployment of GSMA NFC Standards<ref name="GSMA NFC Standards">{{cite web|url=http://www.gsma.com/newsroom/technical-documents/technical-documents|title=GSMA NFC Standards|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140223162330/http://www.gsma.com/newsroom/technical-documents/technical-documents/|archive-date=2014-02-23|access-date=2014-02-23|url-status=live}}</ref> within mobile handsets. GSMA's efforts include Trusted Services Manager,<ref name="nanopdf">{{cite web|url=https://nanopdf.com/download/the-role-of-the-trusted-service-manager-in-mobile_pdf|title=The Role of the Trusted Service Manager in Mobile|date=April 29, 2018|website=NanoPDF|access-date=24 March 2021|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122114656/https://nanopdf.com/download/the-role-of-the-trusted-service-manager-in-mobile_pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gsmawp2013">{{cite web | url=http://www.gsma.com/digitalcommerce/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/GSMA-TSM-White-Paper-FINAL-DEC-2013.pdf | type=[[white paper]] | title=The Role of the Trusted Service Manager in Mobile Commerce | website=Digital Commerce | date=December 2013 | publisher=[[GSM Association]] | access-date=2014-02-23 | archive-date=2014-03-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301051135/http://www.gsma.com/digitalcommerce/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/GSMA-TSM-White-Paper-FINAL-DEC-2013.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Single Wire Protocol]], testing/certification and secure element.<ref name="gsmnfc2012">{{cite web | url=http://www.gsma.com/digitalcommerce/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/GSMA-Mobile-NFC-Infrastructure-v1-01.pdf | website=Digital Commerce | publisher=[[GSM Association]] | title=Mobile NFC Infrastructure | date=30 July 2012 | access-date=23 February 2014 | archive-date=12 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512035407/http://www.gsma.com/digitalcommerce/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/GSMA-Mobile-NFC-Infrastructure-v1-01.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> NFC-enabled portable devices can be provided with [[application software]], for example to read electronic tags or make payments when connected to an NFC-compliant system. These are standardized to NFC protocols, replacing proprietary technologies used by earlier systems.

A patent licensing program for NFC is under deployment by France Brevets, a patent fund created in 2011. This program was under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary of [[Dolby Laboratories]], and was terminated in May 2012.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9pEDwAAQBAJ&q=This+program+was+under+development+by+Via+Licensing+Corporation,+an+independent+subsidiary+of+Dolby+Laboratories,+and+was+terminated+in+May+2012&pg=PA18|title=Public Transportation Smart Pass with NFC Card Project|last=Eskil|first=Hacı Süleyman|publisher=Süleyman|language=en|access-date=2020-11-18|archive-date=2023-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117220745/https://books.google.com/books?id=b9pEDwAAQBAJ&q=This+program+was+under+development+by+Via+Licensing+Corporation,+an+independent+subsidiary+of+Dolby+Laboratories,+and+was+terminated+in+May+2012&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref> A platform-independent [[free and open source]] NFC library, {{mono|libnfc}}, is available under the [[GNU Lesser General Public License]].<ref name="libnfc">{{cite web|title=Public platform independent Near Field Communication (NFC) library|url=http://nfc-tools.org/index.php?title=Libnfc|date=23 June 2014|access-date=23 June 2015|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714082606/http://nfc-tools.org/index.php?title=Libnfc|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bintray.com/nfc-tools/sources/libnfc |title=libnfc download page (current version) |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208041309/https://bintray.com/nfc-tools/sources/libnfc |url-status=live }}</ref>

Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange and simplified setup of more complex communications such as [[Wi-Fi]].<ref name="WhatIsNFC">{{cite web|title=What is NFC?|url=http://www.nfc-forum.org/aboutnfc/|publisher=NFC Forum|access-date=14 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613055934/http://www.nfc-forum.org/aboutnfc|archive-date=13 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, when one of the connected devices has Internet connectivity, the other can exchange data with online services.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

=== NFC wireless charging (WLC) ===

Near-field communication (NFC) technology not only supports data transmission but also enables wireless charging, providing a dual-functionality that is particularly beneficial for small, portable devices. The NFC Forum has developed a specific wireless charging specification, known as NFC Wireless Charging (WLC), which allows devices to charge with up to 1W of power over distances of up to {{cvt|2|cm|in|frac=8}}.<ref name="NFCWirelessCharging">{{cite web|title=Wireless Charging with NFC, NFC Forum|url=https://nfc-forum.org/learn/use-cases/wireless-charging/|access-date=2024-04-20}}</ref> This capability is especially suitable for smaller devices like earbuds, wearables, and other compact Internet of Things (IoT) appliances.<ref name="NFCWirelessCharging"/>

Compared to the more widely known [[Qi wireless charging]] standard by the [[Wireless Power Consortium]], which offers up to 15W of power over distances up to {{cvt|4|cm|in|frac=8}}, NFC WLC provides a lower power output but benefits from a significantly smaller antenna size.<ref name="NFCWirelessCharging"/> This makes NFC WLC an ideal solution for devices where space is at a premium and high power charging is less critical.<ref name="NFCWirelessCharging"/>

The NFC Forum also facilitates a certification program, labeled as Test Release 13.1 (TR13.1), ensuring that products adhere to the WLC 2.0 specification. This certification aims to establish trust and consistency across NFC implementations, minimizing risks for manufacturers and providing assurance to consumers about the reliability and functionality of their NFC-enabled wireless charging devices.<ref name="NFCWirelessCharging"/>