Editing Necklacing (section)

==South Africa==
Necklacing was used by the black community to punish its members who were perceived as collaborators with the [[apartheid]] government.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Human Being Died That Night: Forgiving Apartheid's Chief Killer|last=Gobodo-Madikizela|first=Pumla |author-link=Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela|year=2006|publisher=Portobello Books|page=[https://archive.org/details/humanbeingdiedth00puml/page/147 147]|isbn=1-84627-053-7|url=https://archive.org/details/humanbeingdiedth00puml/page/147}}</ref> Necklacing was primarily used on black police informants; the practice was often carried out in the name of the struggle, although the executive body of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC), the most broadly supported South African opposition movement, condemned it.<ref>{{cite report|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/southafrica1/6.htm|chapter=The Black Struggle for Political Power: Major Forces in the Conflict|title=The Killings in South Africa: The Role of the Security Forces and the Response of the State|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=January 1991|access-date=18 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fihlani|first=Pumza|title=Is necklacing returning to South Africa?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14914526|work=BBC News|access-date=11 December 2013|date=12 October 2011}}</ref> In 1986, [[Winnie Mandela]], then-wife of the imprisoned [[Nelson Mandela]], and who herself had endured torture and four imprisonments to a total of two years,<ref>{{cite web|title=An Analysis of the Imprisonment and Detainment Treatment of Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|author=Monica McCausland|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/analysis-imprisonment-and-detainment-treatment-winnie-madikizela-mandela-monica-mccausland|publisher=South African History Online|date=6 May 2020|access-date=12 Feb 2022}}</ref> stated, "With our boxes of matches, and our necklaces, we shall liberate this country", which was widely seen as an explicit endorsement of necklacing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela|publisher=South African History Online|date=17 February 2011|access-date=14 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 January 1989|last=Beresford|first=David |author-link=David Beresford (journalist) |access-date=1 May 2008}}</ref> This caused the ANC to initially distance itself from her,<ref name="africafiles">{{cite magazine|last=Meintjes |first=Sheila |title=Winnie Madikizela Mandela: Tragic Figure? Populist Tribune? Township Tough?|url=https://projects.kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/210-808-4551/SAR13-4opt.pdf#page=16|magazine=Southern Africa Report |volume=13|issue=4 |date=August 1998|pages=14–20 |issn=0820-5582|access-date=7 December 2013}}</ref> although she later took on a number of official positions within the party.<ref name="africafiles" />

The first victim of necklacing, according to the South African [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], was a young black woman, [[Maki Skosana]] of [[Duduza]], on 20 July 1985:<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/hrvtrans/duduza/moloko.htm |chapter=Evelina Puleng Moloko |title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Human Rights Violations Submissions – Questions and Answers |location=Duduza |date=4 February 1997|id=JB0289/013ERKWA|access-date=7 December 2013}}</ref>
{{quote|Moloko said her sister was burned to death with a tire around her neck while attending the funeral of one of the youths. Her body had been scorched by fire and some broken pieces of glass had been inserted into her vagina, Moloko told the committee. Moloko added that a big rock had been thrown on her face after she had been killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/1997/9702/s970204c.htm |date=4 February 1997|publisher=[[South African Press Association]]|title=Truth Commission Looks at First "Necklace" Murder|access-date=1 May 2008}}</ref>}}

Photojournalist [[Kevin Carter]] was the first to photograph a public execution by necklacing in South Africa in the mid-1980s. He later spoke of the images: {{quote|I was appalled at what they were doing. I was appalled at what I was doing. But then people started talking about those pictures ... then I felt that maybe my actions hadn't been at all bad. Being a witness to something this horrible wasn't necessarily such a bad thing to do.<ref>{{cite web|last=Porter|first=Tim|url=http://www.timporter.com/firstdraft/archives/000071.html|title=Covering War in a Free Society|website=timporter.com|date=18 February 2003|access-date=18 February 2008 }}</ref>}}

Author Lynda Schuster writes: {{quote|'Necklacing' represented the worst of the excesses committed in the name of the uprising. This was a particularly gruesome form of mob justice, reserved for those thought to be government collaborators, informers and black policemen. The executioners would force a car tire over the head and around the arms of the suspect, drench it in petrol, and set it alight. Immobilized, the victim burned to death.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vhsim3fPF8C&pg=PA304|title=A Burning Hunger: One Family's Struggle Against Apartheid|publisher=Ohio University Press|orig-year=2004|year=2006|last=Schuster|first=Lynda |isbn=978-0-8214-1652-5|page=304}}</ref>}}

Some commentators have noted that the practice of necklacing served to escalate the levels of violence during the township wars of the 1980s and early 1990s as security force members became brutalized and afraid that they might fall victim to the practice.<ref>{{cite book|last=Turton |first=A.R. |year=2010 |title=Shaking Hands with Billy |place=Durban |publisher=Just Done Publications |url=http://www.shakinghandswithbilly.com |access-date=2021-04-02}}{{page needed|date=April 2021}}</ref>