Editing Neoconservatism (section)

== Terminology ==
<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Irving Kristol.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Irving Kristol]], who was called the "godfather" of neoconservatism]] -->
The term ''neoconservative'' was popularized in the United States during 1973 by the socialist leader [[Michael Harrington]], who used the term to define [[Daniel Bell]], [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], and [[Irving Kristol]], whose ideologies differed from Harrington's.<ref name="harrington">{{Cite journal|first=Michael |last=Harrington |title=The Welfare State and Its Neoconservative Critics |journal=[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]] |date=Fall 1973 |volume=20}}
*Cited in: {{Cite book |title=The Other American: the life of Michael Harrington |first=Maurice |last=Isserman |location=New York |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-891620-30-0 |year=2000 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/otheramericanlif0000isse |access-date=17 December 2019}}
*Reprinted as chapter&nbsp;11 in Harrington's 1976 book ''The Twilight of Capitalism'', pp. 165–272.</ref> Earlier during 1973, he had described some of the same ideas in a brief contribution to a symposium on welfare sponsored by ''Commentary''.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Edward C. Banfield |author2=Nathan Glazer |author3=Michael Harrington |author4=Tom Kahn |author5=Christopher Lasch |url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/Nixon-the-Great-Society-and-the-Future-of-Social-PolicyA-Symposium-5214 |title=Nixon, the Great Society, and the Future of Social Policy—A Symposium |magazine=Commentary |date=May 1973 |page=39}}</ref>

The ''neoconservative'' label was adopted by Irving Kristol in his 1979 article "Confessions of a True, Self-Confessed 'Neoconservative{{'"}}.<ref name="goldberg">{{Cite journal|first=Jonah |last=Goldberg |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/206955/neoconservative-invention/jonah-goldberg |title=The Neoconservative Invention |journal=[[National Review]] |date=20 May 2003 |access-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114100459/http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/206955/neoconservative-invention/jonah-goldberg |archive-date=14 November 2012 }}</ref> His ideas have been influential since the 1950s, when he co-founded and edited the magazine ''[[Encounter (magazine)|Encounter]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Irving |last=Kristol |author-link=Irving Kristol |title=Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-56663-228-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/neoconservatisma00kris }}</ref>

Another source was [[Norman Podhoretz]], editor of the magazine ''[[Commentary Magazine|Commentary]]'', from 1960 to 1995. By 1982, Podhoretz was terming himself a neoconservative in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'' article titled "The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagan's Foreign Policy".<ref name="Gerson_PR">{{Cite journal|first=Mark |last=Gerson |url=http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3564402.html |title=Norman's Conquest |journal=[[Policy Review]] |date=Fall 1995 |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320065640/http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3564402.html |archive-date=20 March 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20810FB3D5C0C718CDDAC0894DA484D81 |first=Norman |last=Podhoretz |title=The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagan's Foreign Policy |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |date=2 May 1982 |access-date=30 March 2008 |archive-date=9 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209034447/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20810FB3D5C0C718CDDAC0894DA484D81 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The term itself was the product of a rejection among formerly self-identified liberals of what they considered a growing leftward turn of the Democratic Party in the 1970s. Neoconservatives perceived in the new [[Social liberalism|left liberalism]] an ideological effort to distance the Democratic Party and American liberalism from [[Cold War liberal]]ism as it was espoused by former Presidents such as [[Harry S. Truman]], [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. After the Vietnam War, the anti-communist, internationalist and interventionist roots of this Cold War liberalism seemed increasingly brittle to the neoconservatives. As a consequence they migrated to the Republican Party and formed one pillar of the Reagan Coalition and of the conservative movement. Hence, they became Neo-conservatives.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kagan |first1=Robert |title=Neocon Nation: Neoconservatism, c. 1776 |journal=World Affairs Journal |date=29 May 2008 |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=13–35 |doi=10.3200/WAFS.170.4.13-35 |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2008/05/neocon-nation-neoconservatism-c-1776?lang=en |access-date=30 July 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>