Editing Nephrotoxicity (section)

==Types of toxicity==

===Cardiovascular===
* General: [[diuretics]], [[Beta blocker|β-blockers]], [[vasodilator]] agents
* Local: [[ACE inhibitor]]s, [[ciclosporin]],<ref name="pmid19218475 ">{{cite journal |vauthors=Naesens M, Kuypers DR, Sarwal M |title=Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity |journal=Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=4 |issue= 2 |pages=481–509 |year=2009 |pmid=19218475  |doi=10.2215/CJN.04800908|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[tacrolimus]].<ref name="pmid19218475 "/>

===Direct tubular effect===
* [[Proximal convoluted tubule]]: [[Aminoglycoside]] antibiotics (e.g., [[gentamicin]]), [[amphotericin B]], [[cisplatin]], [[radiocontrast]] media, [[immunoglobulin]]s, [[mannitol]]
* [[Distal tubule]]: [[NSAIDs]] (e.g. [[aspirin]], [[ibuprofen]], [[diclofenac]]), ACE inhibitors, ciclosporin, [[lithium salt]]s, [[cyclophosphamide]], [[amphotericin B]]
* Tubular obstruction: [[sulfonamide (medicine)|sulphonamides]], [[methotrexate]], [[aciclovir]], [[diethylene glycol]], [[triamterene]].

===Acute interstitial nephritis===
Main article : [[interstitial nephritis|Acute interstitial nephritis]]
* [[Beta-lactam antibiotic|β-lactam antibiotics]], [[vancomycin]], [[rifampicin]], [[sulfonamide (medicine)|sulphonamides]], [[ciprofloxacin]], [[NSAID]]s, [[ranitidine]], [[cimetidine]], [[furosemide]], [[thiazide]]s, [[phenytoin]].

===Chronic interstitial nephritis===
* [[Lithium salts]]
* [[Ciclosporin]]<ref name="QBanks">USMLE WORLD QBanks 2009, Step1, Pharmacology, Q74</ref>

===Acute glomerulonephritis===
Drug-induced glomerular disease is not common but there are a few drugs that have been implicated. Glomerular lesions occur primarily through immune-mediated pathways rather than through direct drug toxicity.
* [[Heroin]] and [[Pamidronate]] are known to cause focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
* [[Gold salts]] therapy can cause membranous nephropathy<ref name="QBanks" />
* [[Penicillamine]]

===Causes of diabetes insipidus===
* [[Lithium salt]]s
* [[Amphotericin B]]—reversible at low doses, irreversible at high doses
* [[Fluoride]]
* [[Demeclocycline]]
* [[Foscarnet]]

===Other nephrotoxins===
* [[Lead]], [[uranium]], [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], and [[cadmium]] salts<ref name=":0" />
* [[Aristolochic acid]], found in some plants and in some herbal supplements derived from those plants, has been shown to have nephrotoxic effects on humans.
* [[Rhubarb]] contains some nephrotoxins which can cause inflammation of the [[Kidney|kidneys]] in some people.
* [[Fumaric acid]], aka food additive E297, is nephrotoxic in high doses<ref name=ecscfa>European Commission: {{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scan/out112_en.pdf |title=European Commission Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition on the Safety of Fumaric Acid |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref>
* [[Lilium]] is very toxic to cats, often resulting in death by [[acute kidney failure]], or permanent renal dysfunction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langston |first=Cathy E. |date=2002-01-01 |title=Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in six cats |url=https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/220/1/javma.2002.220.49.xml |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |volume=220 |issue=1 |pages=49–52 |doi=10.2460/javma.2002.220.49 |issn=0003-1488}}</ref>