Editing Netscape Navigator (section)

==History and development==

===Origin===
[[File:Mosaic Netscape 0.9 on Windows XP.png|thumb|Mosaic Netscape 0.9, a preview version, with image of the Mozilla mascot, and the Mosaic logo in the top-right corner]]

Netscape Navigator was inspired by the success of the [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] web browser, which was co-written by [[Marc Andreessen]], a part-time employee of the [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications]] at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]]. After Andreessen graduated in 1993, he moved to [[California]] and there met [[James H. Clark|Jim Clark]], the recently departed founder of [[Silicon Graphics]]. Clark believed that the Mosaic browser had great commercial possibilities and provided the seed money. Soon [[Mosaic Communications Corporation]] was in business in [[Mountain View, California]], with Andreessen as a vice-president. Since the University of Illinois was unhappy with the company's use of the Mosaic name, the company changed its name to Netscape Communications (suggested by product manager Greg Sands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.costanoavc.com/team/greg-sands/|title=Greg Sands|access-date=20 February 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221111932/http://www.costanoavc.com/team/greg-sands/ |website=Costanoa Ventures }}</ref>) and named its flagship web browser Netscape Navigator.

Netscape announced in its first press release (October 13, 1994) that it would make Navigator available without charge to all non-commercial users, and beta versions of version 1.0 and 1.1 were freely downloadable in November 1994 and March 1995, with the full version 1.0 available in December 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease1.html|title=Netscape Communications Offers New Network Navigator Free on the Internet |date=October 13, 1994 |publisher=AOL.com|access-date=5 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207145832/http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease1.html|archive-date=7 December 2006}}</ref> However, two months later, the company announced that only educational and non-profit institutions could use version 1.0 at no charge.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease8.html|title=Netscape Communications Ships Release 1.0 of Netscape Navigator and Netscape Servers |publisher=AOL.com|access-date=5 September 2015|url-status=dead |date=15 September 1994|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050326152726/http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease8.html|archive-date=26 March 2005}}</ref>

The reversal was complete with the availability of version 1.1 beta on March 6, 1995, in which a press release states that the final 1.1 release would be available at no cost only for academic and non-profit organizational use.

<!--Some security experts and cryptographers found out that all released Netscape versions had major security problems with crashing the browser with long [[URL]]s and 40 bits encryption keys.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netscape (in)Security (problems) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980129202401/http://hplyot.obspm.fr/~dl/netscapesec/ |archive-date=29 January 1998 |url=http://hplyot.obspm.fr/~dl/netscapesec/ |date=22 July 1996 |first=Laurent |last=Demailly |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=The New York Times |date=26 September 1995 |page=D19 |title=Hackers Alert Netscape to Another Flaw |url=http://hplyot.obspm.fr/~dl/netscapesec/nyt2.txt |access-date=15 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990116233126/http://hplyot.obspm.fr/~dl/netscapesec/nyt2.txt |archive-date=16 January 1999}}</ref>
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The first few releases of the product were made available in "commercial" and "evaluation" versions; for example, version "1.0" and version "1.0N". The "N" evaluation versions were identical to the commercial versions; the letter was intended as a reminder to people to pay for the browser once they felt they had tried it long enough and were satisfied with it. This distinction was formally dropped within a year of the initial release, and the full version of the browser continued to be made available for free online, with boxed versions available on floppy disks (and later CDs) in stores along with a period of phone support. During this era, "Internet Starter Kit" books were popular, and usually included a floppy disk or CD containing internet software, and this was a popular means of obtaining Netscape's and other browsers.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mark Robbin Brown|author2=Steven Forrest Burnett |author3=Tim Evans |author4=Heather Fleming |author5=Galen Grimes |author6=David Gunter |author7=Jerry Honeycutt |author8=Peter Kent |author9=Margaret J. Larson |author10=Bill Nadeau |author11=Todd Stauffer |author12=Ian Stokell |author13=John Williams |title=Netscape Navigator 3 Starter Kit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI3EKbLNT3AC |year=1996 |publisher=Que |isbn=978-0-7897-1181-6}}</ref> Email support was initially free and remained so for a year or two until the volume of support requests grew too high.

During development, the Netscape browser was known by the code name ''[[Mozilla (mascot)|Mozilla]]'', which became the name of a [[Godzilla]]-like cartoon dragon [[mascot]] used prominently on the company's web site. The Mozilla name was also used as the [[user agent|User-Agent]] in [[HTTP]] requests by the browser. Other web browsers claimed to be compatible with Netscape's extensions to HTML and therefore used the same name in their User-Agent identifiers so that web servers would send them the same pages as were sent to Netscape browsers. [[Mozilla]] is now a generic name for matters related to the [[open source software|open source]] successor to Netscape Communicator and is most identified with the browser [[Firefox]].

===Rise===
When the consumer [[Internet]] revolution arrived in the mid-1990s, Netscape was well-positioned to take advantage of it and the influx of new users it brought. With a good mix of features and an attractive [[software license|licensing]] scheme that allowed free use for non-commercial purposes, the Netscape browser soon became the [[de facto]] standard, particularly on the [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] platform. [[Internet service provider]]s and computer magazine publishers helped make Navigator readily available.

An innovation that Netscape introduced in 1994 was the on-the-fly display of web pages, where text and graphics appeared on the screen as the web page downloaded. Earlier web browsers would not display a page until all graphics on it had been loaded over the network connection; this meant a user might have only a blank page for several minutes. With Netscape, people using [[dial-up Internet access|dial-up]] connections could begin reading the text of a web page within seconds of entering a web address, even before the rest of the text and graphics had finished downloading. This made the web much more tolerable to the average user.

Through the late 1990s, Netscape made sure that Navigator remained the technical leader among web browsers. New features included [[HTTP cookie|cookies]], [[Framing (World Wide Web)|frames]],<ref>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071030083252/http://docs.rinet.ru/HTMLnya/ch13.htm
| archive-date = 30 October 2007
| url = http://docs.rinet.ru/HTMLnya/ch13.htm
| title = Using HTML 3.2, Java 1.1, and CGI; Ch. 13, Frames
| first = Eric
| last = Ladd
}}</ref> [[proxy auto-config]],<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://wp.netscape.com/eng/mozilla/2.0/relnotes/demo/proxy-live.html
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20061218002753/http://wp.netscape.com/eng/mozilla/2.0/relnotes/demo/proxy-live.html
 |date        = March 1996
 |archive-date = 18 December 2006
 |title       = Navigator Proxy Auto-Config File Format
 |access-date  = 15 January 2011
 |website        = Netscape Navigator Documentation
 |url-status     = dead}}</ref> and [[JavaScript]] (in version 2.0). Although those and other innovations eventually became open standards of the [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]] and [[Ecma International|ECMA]] and were emulated by other browsers, they were often viewed as controversial. Netscape, according to critics, was more interested in bending the [[World Wide Web|web]] to its own de facto "standards" (bypassing standards committees and thus marginalizing the commercial competition) than it was in fixing bugs in its products. Consumer rights advocates were particularly critical of cookies and of commercial web sites using them to invade individual privacy.

In the marketplace, however, these concerns made little difference. Netscape Navigator remained the market leader with more than 50% [[Usage share of web browsers|usage share]]. The browser software was available for a wide range of operating systems, including Windows ([[Windows 3.1x|3.1]], [[Windows 95|95]], [[Windows 98|98]], [[Windows NT|NT]]), [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]], [[Linux]], [[OS/2]],<ref>{{Cite web
 |last        = Watson
 |first       = Dave
 |title       = A Quick Look at Netscape
 |url         = http://www.scoug.com/os24u/2001/netscape.html
 |publisher   = The Southern California OS/2 User Group
 |access-date  = 16 August 2010
 |date        = 21 July 2001
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716021316/http://www.scoug.com/os24u/2001/netscape.html
 |archive-date = 16 July 2011}}</ref> and many versions of Unix including [[Tru64 UNIX#OSF.2F1|OSF/1]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Sun Solaris]], [[BSD/OS]], [[IRIX]], [[IBM AIX|AIX]], and [[HP-UX]], and looked and worked nearly identically on every one of them. Netscape began to experiment with prototypes of a web-based system, known internally as "Constellation", which would allow users to access and edit their files anywhere across a network no matter what computer or operating system they happened to be using.<ref>{{Cite web
 |first       = John
 |last        = Gordon
 |title       = Why Google loves Chrome: Netscape Constellation
 |url         = https://notes.kateva.org/2008/12/why-google-loves-chrome-netscape.html
 |publisher   = Gordon's Notes
 |access-date  = 18 December 2020
 |date        = 24 December 2008
 }}</ref>

Industry observers forecast the dawn of a new era of connected computing. The underlying [[operating system]], it was believed, would not be an important consideration; future applications would run within a web browser. This was seen by Netscape as a clear opportunity to entrench Navigator at the heart of the next generation of computing, and thus gain the opportunity to expand into all manner of other software and service markets.

===Decline===
{{more citations needed|section|date=December 2020}}
[[File:Netscape-navigator-usage-data.svg|thumb|left|Usage share of Netscape Navigator, 1994–2007]]

With the success of Netscape showing the importance of the web (more people were using the Internet due in part to the ease of using Netscape), Internet browsing began to be seen as a potentially profitable market. Following Netscape's lead, Microsoft started a campaign to enter the web browser software market. Like Netscape before them, Microsoft licensed the Mosaic source code from [[Spyglass, Inc.]] (which in turn licensed code from [[University of Illinois]]). Using this basic code, Microsoft created [[Internet Explorer]] (IE).

The competition between Microsoft and Netscape dominated the [[browser wars]]. Internet Explorer, [[Internet Explorer 1|Version 1.0]] (shipped in the Internet Jumpstart Kit in Microsoft Plus! For [[Windows 95]]<ref name="History of Internet Explorer">{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/windows/WinHistoryIE.mspx|title=Download Web Browser - Internet Explorer|publisher=Microsoft|website=windows.microsoft.com|access-date=5 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031002010203/http://www.microsoft.com/windows/WinHistoryIE.mspx|archive-date=2 October 2003}}</ref>) and IE, [[Internet Explorer 2|Version 2.0]] (the first cross-platform version of the web browser, supporting both [[Windows]] and [[Classic Mac OS|Mac OS]]<ref name="apr96ms">{{cite press release|publisher=Microsoft|access-date=8 September 2014|url=http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1996/apr96/iemompr.mspx|title=Microsoft Internet Explorer Web Browser Available on All Major Platforms, Offers Broadest International Support|date=30 April 1996|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830020831/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/1996/apr96/iemompr.aspx|archive-date=30 August 2013}}</ref>) were thought by many to be inferior and primitive when compared to contemporary versions of Netscape Navigator. With the release of [[Internet Explorer 3|IE version 3.0]] (1996) Microsoft was able to catch up with Netscape competitively, with [[Internet Explorer 4|IE Version 4.0]] (1997) further improvement in terms of market share. [[Internet Explorer 5|IE 5.0]] (1999) improved stability and took significant market share from Netscape Navigator for the first time.

There were two versions of Netscape Navigator 3.0, the Standard Edition and the Gold Edition. The latter consisted of the Navigator browser with e-mail, news readers, and a [[WYSIWYG]] web page compositor; however, these extra functions enlarged and slowed the software, rendering it prone to crashing.

This Gold Edition was renamed [[Netscape Communicator]] starting with version 4.0; the name change diluted its name-recognition and confused users. Netscape CEO [[James L. Barksdale]] insisted on the name change because Communicator was a general-purpose ''client'' application, which contained the Navigator ''browser''.

The aging Netscape Communicator 4.x was slower than [[Internet Explorer 5.0]]. Typical web pages had become heavily illustrated, often JavaScript-intensive, and encoded with HTML features designed for specific purposes but now employed as global layout tools (HTML tables, the most obvious example of this, were especially difficult for Communicator to render). The Netscape browser, once a solid product, became [[crash (computing)|crash-prone]] and [[computer bug|buggy]]; for example, some versions re-downloaded an entire web page to re-render it when the browser window was re-sized (a nuisance to dial-up users), and the browser would usually crash when the page contained simple [[Cascading Style Sheets]], as proper support for CSS never made it into Communicator 4.x. At the time that Communicator 4.0 was being developed, Netscape had a competing technology called [[JavaScript Style Sheets]]. Near the end of the development cycle, it became obvious that CSS would prevail, so Netscape quickly implemented a CSS to JSSS converter, which then processed CSS as JSSS (this is why turning JavaScript off also disabled CSS). Moreover, Netscape Communicator's browser interface design appeared dated in comparison to Internet Explorer and interface changes in Microsoft and Apple's operating systems.

By the end of the decade, Netscape's web browser had lost dominance over the Windows platform, and the August 1997 Microsoft financial agreement to invest $150 million in [[Apple Computer]] required that Apple make Internet Explorer the default web browser in new Mac OS distributions. The latest [[Internet Explorer for Mac|IE Mac]] release at that time was Internet Explorer version 3.0 for Macintosh, but Internet Explorer 4 was released later that year.

Microsoft succeeded in having [[Internet service provider|ISPs]] and PC vendors distribute Internet Explorer to their customers instead of Netscape Navigator, mostly due to Microsoft using its leverage from Windows OEM licenses, and partly aided by Microsoft's investment in making IE [[brandable software|brandable]], such that a customized version of IE could be offered. Also, web developers used [[proprietary software|proprietary]], browser-specific extensions in web pages. Both Microsoft and Netscape did this, having added many proprietary HTML tags to their browsers, which forced users to choose between two competing and almost incompatible web browsers.
[[File:Netscape 9.0.0.6 (2025).png|thumb|259x259px|Netscape v. 9.0.0.6 with Google search results of "Wikipedia"]]
In March 1998, Netscape released most of the development [[code base]] for Netscape Communicator under an [[open source license]].<ref name="Freeing the Source: The Story of Mozilla">{{Cite web|url=http://oreilly.com/openbook/opensources/book/netrev.html|title=Freeing the Source: The Story of Mozilla|access-date=2014-09-08|date=January 1999|first=Jim|last=Hamerly|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202095909/http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/opensources/book/netrev.html|archive-date=2 December 2014}}</ref> Only pre-alpha versions of [[Netscape 5]] were released before the open source community decided to scrap the Netscape Navigator codebase entirely and build a new web browser around the [[Gecko (software)|Gecko]] [[Browser engine|layout engine]] which Netscape had been developing but which had not yet incorporated. The community-developed open source project was named ''[[Mozilla Application Suite|Mozilla]]'', Netscape Navigator's original [[Code name#Commercial code names in the computer industry|code name]]. [[America Online]] bought Netscape; Netscape programmers took a pre-[[beta test|beta]]-quality form of the Mozilla codebase, gave it a new GUI, and released it as Netscape 6. This did nothing to win back users, who continued to migrate to Internet Explorer. After the release of Netscape 7 and a long public beta test, Mozilla 1.0 was released on June 5, 2002. The same code-base, notably the Gecko layout engine, became the basis of independent applications, including [[Mozilla Firefox|Firefox]] and [[Mozilla Thunderbird|Thunderbird]].

On December 28, 2007, the Netscape developers announced that AOL had canceled development of Netscape Navigator, leaving it unsupported as of March 1, 2008.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7270583.stm BBC NEWS - Technology - Final goodbye for early web icon] BBC News {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303143021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7270583.stm |date=3 March 2008 }} retrieved 29 February 2008</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/technology/technology-blog/2008/02/curtains-for-netscape.html |work=Canadian Broadcasting Company|title=Curtains for Netscape - Tech Bytes |access-date=2015-06-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705110100/http://www.cbc.ca/technology/technology-blog/2008/02/curtains-for-netscape.html |archive-date=5 July 2015}}</ref> Archived and unsupported versions of the browser remain available for download.