Editing Neurofeedback (section)

==History==
In 1898, [[Edward Thorndike]] formulated the law of effect. In his work, he theorized that behavior is shaped by satisfying or discomforting consequences. This set the foundation for [[operant conditioning]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

In 1924, the German psychiatrist [[Hans Berger]] connected several electrodes to a patient's scalp and detected a small current by using a ballistic [[galvanometer]]. In his subsequent studies, Berger analyzed EEGs qualitatively, but in 1932, G. Dietsch applied [[Fourier analysis]] to seven EEG records and later became the first researcher to apply quantitative EEG (QEEG).

In 1950, [[Neal E. Miller]] of Yale University was able to train mice to regulate their heartbeat frequency. Later on, he continued his work with humans, training them through auditory feedback.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pickering |first1=T. G. |last2=Miller |first2=N. E. |date=1 September 1975 |title=Learned Voluntary Control of Heart Rate and Rhythm in Two Subjects with Premature Ventricular Contractions |url=https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article/49/3/17P/71950/Learned-Voluntary-Control-of-Heart-Rate-and-Rhythm |journal=Clinical Science |language=en |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=17P–18P |doi=10.1042/cs049017Pd |issn=0301-0538|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The first study to demonstrate neurofeedback was reported by Joe Kamiya in 1962.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Kamiya |first=Joe |title=Autoregulation of the EEG Alpha Rhythm: A Program for the Study of Consciousness |date=1979 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2898-8_25 |work=Mind/Body Integration |pages=289–297 |access-date=28 April 2023 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-2898-8_25 |isbn=978-1-4613-2900-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kamiya |first=Joe |date=22 February 2011 |title=The First Communications About Operant Conditioning of the EEG |url=http://www.isnr-jnt.org/article/view/16584 |journal=Journal of Neurotherapy |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=65–73 |doi=10.1080/10874208.2011.545764 |issn=1087-4208|doi-access=free }}</ref> Kamiya's experiment had two parts: In the first part, a subject was asked to keep their eyes closed, and when a tone sounded, to say whether they were experiencing [[alpha wave]]s. Initially, the subject would guess correctly about fifty percent of the time, but some subjects would eventually develop the ability to better distinguish between states.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frederick |first=Jon A. |date=September 2012 |title=Psychophysics of EEG alpha state discrimination |journal=Consciousness and Cognition |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=1345–1354 |doi=10.1016/j.concog.2012.06.009 |pmc=3424312 |pmid=22800733}}</ref>

M. Barry Sterman trained cats to modify their EEG patterns to exhibit more of the so-called [[sensorimotor rhythm]] (SMR). He published this research in 1967. Sterman subsequently discovered that the SMR-trained cats were much more resistant to [[epileptic seizures]] after exposure to the convulsant chemical [[monomethylhydrazine]] than non-trained cats.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sterman |first=M. Barry |date=January 2000 |title=Basic Concepts and Clinical Findings in the Treatment of Seizure Disorders with EEG Operant Conditioning |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/155005940003100111 |journal=Clinical Electroencephalography |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=45–55 |doi=10.1177/155005940003100111 |pmid=10638352 |s2cid=43506749 |issn=0009-9155|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1971, he reported similar improvements with an epileptic patient whose seizures could be controlled through SMR training.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Sterman |first1=M.B |last2=Friar |first2=L |date=July 1972 |title=Suppression of seizures in an epileptic following sensorimotor EEG feedback training |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0013469472900284 |journal=Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=89–95 |doi=10.1016/0013-4694(72)90028-4|pmid=4113278 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Joel F. Lubar|Joel Lubar]] contributed to the research of EEG biofeedback, starting with epilepsy<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seifert |first1=A.R. |last2=Lubar |first2=J.F. |date=November 1975 |title=Reduction of epileptic seizures through EEG biofeedback training |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0301051175900332 |journal=Biological Psychology  |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=157–184 |doi=10.1016/0301-0511(75)90033-2|pmid=812560 |s2cid=15698128 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and later with hyperactivity and [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Lubar |first1=Joel F. |last2=Shouse |first2=Margaret N. |date=September 1976 |title=EEG and behavioral changes in a hyperkinetic child concurrent with training of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR): A preliminary report |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01001170 |journal=Biofeedback and Self-Regulation |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=293–306 |doi=10.1007/BF01001170 |pmid=990355 |s2cid=17141352 |issn=0363-3586|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ming-Yang Cheng was instrumental in advancing research on EEG neurofeedback, specifically targeting enhancements in SMR power among skilled golfers.<ref name="Cheng 626–636">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Ming-Yang |last2=Huang |first2=Chung-Ju |last3=Chang |first3=Yu-Kai |last4=Koester |first4=Dirk |last5=Schack |first5=Thomas |last6=Hung |first6=Tsung-Min |date=1 December 2015 |title=Sensorimotor Rhythm Neurofeedback Enhances Golf Putting Performance |url=https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jsep/37/6/article-p626.xml |journal=Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=626–636 |doi=10.1123/jsep.2015-0166 |pmid=26866770 |issn=1543-2904}}</ref>