Editing Neurosis (section)

==History==

=== A broad condition (1769–1879) ===
[[File:William Cullen.jpg|thumb|[[William Cullen]] coined the term ''neurosis''.]]
The term ''neurosis'' was coined by Scottish doctor [[William Cullen]] to refer to "disorders of sense and motion" caused by a "general affection of the [[nervous system]]". The term is derived from the Greek word ''[[neuron]]'' (νεῦρον, 'nerve') and the suffix ''-osis'' (-ωσις, 'diseased' or 'abnormal condition'). It was first used in print in Cullen's ''System of Nosology'', first published in Latin in 1769.<ref name="Knoff_1970">{{cite journal | vauthors = Knoff WF | title = A history of the concept of neurosis, with a memoir of William Cullen | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 127 | issue = 1 | pages = 80–84 | date = July 1970 | pmid = 4913140 | doi = 10.1176/ajp.127.1.80}}</ref>

Cullen used the term to describe various nervous disorders and symptoms that could not be explained [[Physiology|physiologically]]. Physical features, however, were almost inevitably present, and physical diagnostic tests, such as exaggerated [[Patellar reflex|knee-jerks]], loss of the [[Pharyngeal reflex|gag reflex]] and [[Dermatographic urticaria|dermatographia]], were used into the 20th century.<ref name="Bailey27">{{cite book| vauthors = Bailey H |title=Demonstrations of physical signs in clinical surgery|publisher=J. Wright and Sons|year=1927|edition=1st|location=Bristol|page=208}}</ref>

French psychiatrist [[Philippe Pinel|Phillipe Pinnel]]'s ''Nosographie philosophique ou La méthode de l'analyse appliquée à la médecine'' (1798) was greatly inspired by Cullen. It divided medical conditions into five categories, with one being "neurosis". This was divided into four basic types of mental disorder: [[melancholia]], [[mania]], [[dementia]], and [[idiot]]ism.<ref name="Knoff_1970" />

[[Morphine]] was first isolated from [[opium]] in 1805, by German chemist [[Friedrich Sertürner]]. After the publication of his third paper on the topic in 1817,<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sertürner FW, Trommsdorff S |date=1817 |title=Ueber das Morphium, eine neue salzfähige Grundlage, und die Mekonsäure, als Hauptbestandtheile des Opiums |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1920882 |journal=Annalen der Physik |language=de |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=56–89 |bibcode=1817AnP....55...56S |doi=10.1002/andp.18170550104}}</ref> morphine became more widely known, and used to treat neuroses and other kinds of mental distress.<ref name="Sertürner2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sertürner FW |date=1817 |title=Über das Morphium, eine neue salzfähige Grundlage, und die Mekonsäure, als Hauptbestandteile des Opiums |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1920882 |journal=Annalen der Physik |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=56–90 |bibcode=1817AnP....55...56S |doi=10.1002/andp.18170550104}}</ref><ref name="Seguin_18902">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PT8s2QJ-u8IC |title=Lectures on some points in the treatment and management of neuroses |vauthors=Seguin EC |date=1890 |publisher=Appleton |language=en}}</ref> After becoming addicted to this highly addictive substance, he warned "I consider it my duty to attract attention to the terrible effects of this new substance I called morphium in order that calamity may be averted."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Offit P |date=March–April 2017 |title=God's Own Medicine |journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |volume=41 |issue=2 |page=44}}</ref>

German psychologist [[Johann Friedrich Herbart]] used the term [[Repression (psychoanalysis)|repression]] in 1824, in a discussion of unconscious ideas competing to get into consciousness.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/studiesonhysteri037649mbp/studiesonhysteri037649mbp_djvu.txt xxii Introduction to Studies on Hysteria]</ref>

The tranquilising properties of [[potassium bromide]] were noted publicly by British doctor [[Charles Locock]] in 1857. Over the coming decades, this and other bromides were used in great quantities to calm people with neuroses.<ref name="Seguin_1890">{{Cite book | vauthors = Seguin EC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PT8s2QJ-u8IC |title=Lectures on some points in the treatment and management of neuroses |date=1890 |publisher=Appleton |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kesteven WB |title=Remarks on the use of the Bromides in the treatment of Epilepsy and other Neuroses |journal=Journal of Mental Science |date=July 1869 |volume=15 |issue=70 |pages=205–213 |doi=10.1192/S0368315X00233008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Seguin EC |title=The Abuse and Use of Bromides |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |date=July 1877 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=445–462 |doi=10.1097/00005053-187707000-00002 |s2cid=145482861 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1654135 }}</ref> This led to many cases of [[bromism]].

American doctor [[Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)|Weir Mitchell]] first published an account of his [[rest cure]] for non-psychotic mental disorders in 1875.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of Fat And Blood:, by S. Weir Mitchell, M.D., LL.D. Harv.. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16230/16230-h/16230-h.htm |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> His 1877 book "Fat and Blood: and how to make them"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fat and blood: and how to make them - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine |url=https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101605630-bk |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=collections.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> gave a fuller explanation. The cure originally involved women being isolated in bed, only communicating with a nurse trained to talk about unchallenging topics, a fattening diet of milk, plus massage and the application of electricity. Eventually, the cure advocated by the Mitchell family had less strict isolation and diet, and was followed by men as well as women. "Fat and Blood" was revised and reprinted for many decades.

=== Breuer, Freud and contemporaries (1880-1939) ===
[[File:Josef Breuer, 1897.jpg|thumb|[[Josef Breuer]] discovered the psychoanalytic technique of treating neurosis, and mentored Freud.]]
Austrian psychiatrist [[Josef Breuer]] first used [[psychoanalysis]] to treat hysteria in 1880–1882.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Freud S | title = Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis | publisher = Penguin | date = 1995 | pages = 1–2, 10}}</ref> [[Bertha Pappenheim]] was treated for a variety of symptoms that began when her father suddenly fell seriously ill in mid-1880 during a family holiday in [[Ischl]]. His illness was a turning point in her life. While sitting up at night at his sickbed she was suddenly tormented by hallucinations and a state of anxiety.<ref>The details of her illness are taken from the case history published by Freud and Breuer in {{cite book | vauthors = Freud S, Breuer J | title = Studien über Hysterie | publisher = e-artnow | date = August 2020 | isbn = 978-80-268-2615-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dtlpBwAAQBAJ}}, as well as from her medical records found by Albrecht Hirschmüller in the papers of Bellevue Sanatorium and published in his {{cite book | vauthors = Hirschmüller A | chapter = Physiologie und Psychoanalvse im Leben und Werk Josef Breuers. | title = Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse | location = Bern | publisher = Hans Huber | date = 1978}}</ref> At first the family did not react to these symptoms, but in November 1880, Breuer, a friend of the family, began to treat her. He encouraged her, sometimes under light hypnosis, to narrate stories, which led to partial improvement of the clinical picture, although her overall condition continued to deteriorate.

According to Breuer, the slow and laborious progress of her "remembering work" in which she recalled individual symptoms after they had occurred, thus "dissolving" them, came to a conclusion on 7 June 1882 after she had reconstructed the first night of hallucinations in Ischl. "She has fully recovered since that time" were the words with which Breuer concluded his case report.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hirschmüller A | chapter = Physiologie und Psychoanalvse im Leben und Werk Josef Breuers. | title = Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse | location = Bern | publisher = Hans Huber | date = 1978 | page = 35}}</ref> Accounts differ on the success of Pappenheim's treatment by Breuer. She did not speak about this episode in her later life, and vehemently opposed any attempts at psychoanalytic treatment of people in her care.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Edinger D | title = Bertha Pappenheim: Freud's Anna O. | publisher = Congregation Solel | date = 1968 | page = 15}}
</ref> Breuer was not quick to publish about this case.

(Subsequent research has suggested Pappenheim may have had one of a number of neurological illnesses. This includes [[temporal lobe epilepsy]],<ref name="Orr-Andrawes_1987">{{cite journal | vauthors = Orr-Andrawes A | title = The case of Anna O.: a neuropsychiatric perspective | journal = Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 387–419 | date = 1987 | pmid = 3294985 | doi = 10.1177/000306518703500205| s2cid = 32184483 }}</ref><ref name="Macmillan_1991">{{cite book | vauthors = Macmillan M |title=Freud Evaluated - The Completed Arc |date=1990 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-086729-8 }}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref><ref name="wrong">{{cite book | vauthors = Webster R |title=Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science, And Psychoanalysis |date=1996 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-09128-7 }}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref> [[tuberculous meningitis]],<ref name="pmid15715742">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaplan R | title = O Anna: being Bertha Pappenheim--historiography and biography | journal = Australasian Psychiatry | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 62–8 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15715742 | doi = 10.1046/j.1039-8562.2003.02062.x | s2cid = 33384890 | url =}}</ref> and [[encephalitis]].<ref name="wrong" /> Whatever the nature of her condition, she went on to run an orphanage, and then found and lead the {{lang|de|[[League of Jewish Women (Germany)|Jüdischer Frauenbund]]}} for twenty years.)

The term ''psychoneurosis'' was coined by Scottish psychiatrist [[Thomas Clouston (psychiatrist)|Thomas Clouston]] for his 1883 book ''Clinical Lectures on Mental Diseases''.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Clouston TS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQFOAAAAYAAJ |title=Clinical Lectures on Mental Diseases |date=1897 |publisher=Lea Brothers |language=en}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}{{primary source inline|date=July 2023}}</ref> He describes a condition that covers what is today considered the [[Schizophrenia spectrum|schizophrenia]] and [[Autism spectrum|autism]] spectrums (a combination of symptoms that would soon become better known as [[dementia praecox]]).
[[File:Charcot Jean-Martin Gallica Nadar.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Martin Charcot]] believed some hysteria was caused by trauma, and mentored Freud.]]

French neurologist [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] came to believe that psychological trauma was a cause of some cases of [[hysteria]]. He wrote in his book ''Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux'', (1885-1887) (and published in English as ''Clinical Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System):''<ref name="Charcot_1889">{{Cite book | vauthors = Charcot JM |url=http://archive.org/details/lecturesondisea03chargoog |title=Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System: Delivered at La Salpêtrière |date=1889 |publisher=The New Sydenham Society |others=unknown library |language=English}}</ref><blockquote>Quite recently male hysteria has been studied by Messrs. Putnam [1884] and Walton [1883]<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Walton GL |date=1883 |title=Two Cases of Hysteria |url=https://archive.org/details/archivesofmedici9101unse/page/88/mode/2up |journal=Archives of Medicine |volume=10 |pages=88–95}}</ref> in America, principally as it occurs after injuries, and especially after railway accidents. They have recognised, like Mr. Page, [1885] who in England has also paid attention to this subject, that many of those nervous accidents described under the name of [[Railway spine|Railway-spine]], and which according to them would be better described as Railway-brain, are in fact, whether occurring in man or woman, simply manifestations of hysteria.<ref name="Charcot_1889" /></blockquote>Charcot documented around two dozen cases where psychological trauma appears to have caused hysteria.<ref name="White_1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = White MB | title = Jean-Martin Charcot's contributions to the interface between neurology and psychiatry | journal = The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 254–260 | date = August 1997 | pmid = 9276114 | doi = 10.1017/S0317167100021909 | s2cid = 7364585| doi-access = free }}</ref> In some cases, the results are described like the modern concept of PTSD.<ref name="White_1997" />

Austrian psychiatrist [[Sigmund Freud]] was a student of Charcot in 1885–6.<ref name="Odyssey">{{cite web |year=1998 |title=Jean-Martin Charcot |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhchar.html |access-date=13 October 2008 |work=A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)}}</ref> In 1893 Freud credited Charcot with being the source of "all the modern advances made in the understanding and knowledge of hysteria."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Breuer J, Freud S |title=On the Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena (1893) |journal=The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis |volume=37 |date=1956 |pages=8–13 |url=https://pep-web.org/search/document/IJP.037.0008A |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

French psychiatrist [[Pierre Janet]] released his book ''L'automatisme psychologique'' (Psychological automatism) in 1889, its third chapter detailing his understanding of hypnosis and the unconscious. At this time, he claimed that the main aspect of psychological trauma is [[Dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]] (a disconnection of the conscious mind from reality).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hart |first1=Otto Van Der |last2=Horst |first2=Rutger |date=14 April 1989 |title=The Dissociation Theory of Pierre Janet |url=https://www.onnovdhart.nl/articles/dissociationtheory.pdf |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> (Freud would later claim Janet as a major influence.)<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Freud S | series = Freud Library | volume = 11 | title = Metapsychology: The Theory Of Psychoanalysis |date=1984 |publisher=Penguin |location=UK |isbn=978-0-14-021740-7 | page = 52}}</ref>

In 1891, Thomas Clouston published ''Neuroses of Development'',<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Clouston TS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MoJAQAAIAAJ |title=The Neuroses of Development: Being the Morrison Lectures for 1890 | series=Morison lectures ;1890 |date=1891 |publisher=Oliver and Boyd |oclc=609217760 |hdl=2027/wu.89051300259 }}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref> which covered a wide range of physical and mental developmental conditions.[[File:Sigmund Freud LIFE.jpg|thumb|[[Sigmund Freud]] established psychoanalysis as the dominant treatment for many mental conditions.]]Breuer came to mentor Freud. The pair released the paper "Ueber den psychischen Mechanismus hysterischer Phänomene. (Vorläufige Mittheilung.)" (known in English as "On the physical mechanism of hysterical phenomena: preliminary communication") in January 1893. It opens with:<blockquote>A chance observation has led us, over a number of years, to investigate a great variety of different forms and symptoms of hysteria, with a view to discovering their precipitating cause the event which provoked the first occurrence, often many years earlier, of the phenomenon in question. In the great majority of cases it is not possible to establish the point of origin by a simple interrogation of the patient, however thoroughly it may be carried out. This is in part because what is in question is often some experience which the patient dislikes discussing; but principally because he is genuinely unable to recollect it and often has no suspicion of the causal connection between the precipitating event and the pathological phenomenon. As a rule it is necessary to hypnotize the patient and to arouse his memories under hypnosis of the time at which the symptom made its first appearance; when this has been done, it becomes possible to demonstrate the connection in the clearest and most convincing fashion...

It is of course obvious that in cases of 'traumatic' hysteria what provokes the symptoms is the accident. The causal connection is equally evident in hysterical attacks when it is possible to gather from the patient's utterances that in each attack he is hallucinating the same event which provoked the first one. The situation is more obscure in the case of other phenomena.

Our experiences have shown us, however, that the most various symptoms, which are ostensibly spontaneous and, as one might say, idiopathic products of hysteria, are just as strictly related to the precipitating trauma as the phenomena to which we have just alluded and which exhibit the connection quite clearly.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Breuer J, Freud S |url=http://archive.org/details/studiesonhysteri037649mbp |title=Studies On Hysteria |date= |publisher=Basic Books |others=Universal Digital Library}}</ref></blockquote>This paper was reprinted and supplemented with case studies in the pair's 1895 book ''[[Studien über Hysterie]]'' (Studies on Hysteria'').'' Of the book's five case studies, the most famous became that of Breuer's patient [[Bertha Pappenheim]] (given the pseudonym "Anna O."). This book established the field of [[psychoanalysis]].

French neurologist [[Paul Oulmont]] was mentored by Charcot. In his 1894 book ''Thérapeutique des névroses'' (Therapy of neuroses), he lists the neuroses as being [[hysteria]], [[neurasthenia]], [[exophthalmic goitre]], [[epilepsy]], [[migraine]], [[Sydenham's chorea]], [[Parkinson's disease]] and [[tetany]].<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Oulmont P, ((Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh)) |url=http://archive.org/details/b21982454 |title=Thérapeutique des névroses |date=1894 |publisher=O. Doin|location=Paris}}</ref>

The fifth edition of German psychiatrist [[Emil Kraepelin]]'s popular psychiatry textbook in 1896 gave "neuroses" a well-accepted definition:<ref name="Knoff_1970" /><blockquote>In the following presentation we want to summarize a group of disease states as general neuroses, which are accompanied by more or less pronounced nervous dysfunctions. What is common to these manifestations of insanity is that we are constantly dealing with the morbid processing of vital stimuli; what they also have in common is the occurrence of more transitory, peculiar manifestations of illness, sometimes in the physical, sometimes in the psychic area. These attacks of fluctuations in mental balance are therefore not independent illnesses, but only the occasional increase in a persistent illness...

It seems useful to me, for the time being, to distinguish between two main forms of general neuroses, [[Epilepsy|epileptic]] and [[Hysteria|hysterical]] insanity.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Kraepelin E |url=http://archive.org/details/psychiatrieeinle02krae |title=Psychiatrie: ein Lehrbuch für Studirende und Aerzte |year=1976|orig-date=1899 |publisher=J. A. Barth |location=Leipzig|others=Lamar Soutter Library Univ. of Mass Medical School |isbn=978-0-405-07442-4}}</ref></blockquote>Pierre Janet published the two volume work ''Névroses et Idées Fixes'' (Neuroses and Fixations) in 1898.<ref name="Tremblay_2005">{{Cite web | vauthors = Tremblay JM |date=2005-02-02 |title=Pierre Janet, 1859-1947 philosophe devenu médecin et psychologue |url=http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/janet_pierre/janet_pierre.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=texte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Janet P |url=http://archive.org/details/nvrosesetide00jane |title=Névroses et idées fixes |date=1914 |publisher=Librairie Félix Alcan |location=Paris|others=University of Ottawa}}</ref> According to Janet, neuroses could be usefully divided into [[hysteria]]s and [[psychasthenia]]s. Hysterias induced such symptoms as anaesthesia, visual field narrowing, paralyses, and unconscious acts.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pitman RK | title = Janet's Obsessions and Psychasthenia: a synopsis | journal = The Psychiatric Quarterly | volume = 56 | issue = 4 | pages = 291–314 | date = 1984-12-01 | pmid = 6399751 | doi = 10.1007/BF01064475 | s2cid = 23032117}}</ref> Psychasthenias involved the ability to adjust to one's surroundings, similar to the later concepts of [[adjustment disorder]] and [[executive functions]].

Janet founded the French "Société de psychologie"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accueil SFP |url=https://www.sfpsy.org/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=SFP |language=fr-FR}}</ref> in 1901. This later became the "Société française de psychologie", and continues today as France's main psychology body.<ref name="Isabelle">{{Cite web | vauthors = Isabelle S |title=Pierre Janet |url=https://francearchives.gouv.fr/fr/pages_histoire/38973 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=FranceArchives |language=fr}}</ref>

[[Barbiturate]]s are a class of highly addictive [[sedative]] drugs. The first barbiturate, [[barbital]], was synthesized in 1902 by German chemists [[Emil Fischer]] and [[Joseph von Mering]] and was first marketed as "Veronal" in 1904.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = López-Muñoz F, Ucha-Udabe R, Alamo C | title = The history of barbiturates a century after their clinical introduction | journal = Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 329–343 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 18568113 | pmc = 2424120}}</ref> The similar barbiturate [[phenobarbital]] was brought to market in 1912 under the name "Luminal". Barbiturates became popular drugs in many countries to reduce neurotic anxiety and displaced the use of bromides.

Janet published the book ''Les Obsessions et la Psychasthénie'' (The Obsessions and the Psychasthenias) in 1903.<ref name="Tremblay_2005" /> Janet followed this with the books ''The Major Symptoms of Hysteria'' in 1907,<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Janet P |url=http://archive.org/details/majorsymptomshy01janegoog |title=The Major Symptoms of Hysteria: Fifteen Lectures Given in the Medical School ... |date=1907 |publisher=The Macmillan company |others=University of California |language=English}}</ref> and ''Les Névroses'' (The Neuroses) in 1909.<ref name="Tremblay_2005" />

According to Janet, one cause of neurosis is when the mental force of a traumatic event is stronger than what someone can counter using their normal coping mechanisms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Pierre Janet: French Neurologist and Psychologist |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/pierre-janet.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Поль-Шарль Дюбуа (Paul-Charles Dubois).jpg|thumb|[[Paul Charles Dubois]] developed "rational psychotherapy", an early form of cognitive behavioural therapy.]]
The Swiss psychiatrist [[Paul Charles Dubois]] published the book ''Les psychonévroses et leur traitement moral'' in 1904, which was translated into English as "Psychic Treatment of Nervous Disorders (The Psychoneuroses and Their Moral Treatment)" in 1905.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The psychic treatment of nervous disorders : (The psychoneuroses and their moral treatment) / by Paul Dubois ... ; translated and edited by Smith Ely Jelliffe ... |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015045682518?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=HathiTrust | hdl=2027/mdp.39015045682518?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 |language=en}}</ref> Dubois believed that neurosis could be successfully treated by listening carefully to patients, and rationally convincing them of the truth — what he called "rational psychotherapy". This was a form of [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|cognitive behavioural therapy]]. He also followed [[Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)|Weir Mitchell]]'s rest cure, though with a broad fattening diet and other modifications.

Meanwhile, Freud developed a number of different theories of neurosis. The most impactful one was that it referred to mental disorders caused by the brain's defence against past psychological trauma.<ref name="Sletvold_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sletvold J |title=Freud's Three Theories of Neurosis: Towards a Contemporary Theory of Trauma and Defense |journal=Psychoanalytic Dialogues |date=3 July 2016 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=460–475 |doi=10.1080/10481885.2016.1190611 |s2cid=151623430 }}</ref> This redefined the general understanding and use of the word. It came to replace the concept of "hysteria".

He held the First Congress for Freudian Psychology in [[Salzburg]] in April 1908. Subsequent Congresses continue today.

[[Progressive muscle relaxation]] (PMR) was first developed by American psychiatrist and physiologist [[Edmund Jacobson]].<ref name=":7">Jacobson, E. (1929). Progressive relaxation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press</ref> This began at Harvard University in 1908.<ref name=":7" /> PMR involves learning to relieve the tension in specific muscle groups by first tensing and then relaxing each muscle group.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Nathoo |first=Ayesha |title=The Restless Compendium |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-319-45263-0 |pages=71–80 |language=en |chapter=From Therapeutic Relaxation to Mindfulness in the Twentieth Century |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-45264-7_9 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK453216/}}</ref> When the muscle tension is released, attention is directed towards the differences felt during tension and relaxation so that the patient learns to recognize the contrast between the states.<ref name=":5">Jacobson, E. (1938). Progressive relaxation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Tarín |first1=C. |last2=Manzanera-Escartí |first2=R. |title=Técnicas cognitivo-conductuales de fácil aplicación en atención primaria (I) |trans-title=Easily implemented cognitive behaviour techniques in Primary Care (part 1) |language=es |journal=Semergen |date=September 2012 |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=377–387 |doi=10.1016/j.semerg.2011.07.019 |pmid=22935834 }}</ref> This reduces anxiety and the effect of phobias.<ref name=":15">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia & dictionary of medicine, nursing, & allied health. |date=2005 |publisher=Saunders |isbn=978-1-4160-2604-4 |editor-last1=O'Toole |editor-first1=Marie T. |edition=7th Revised |location=Philadelphia}}</ref>

Freud published the detailed case study "Bemerkungen über einen Fall von Zwangsneurose" (Notes Upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis) in 1909, documenting his treatment of "[[Rat Man]]".

Freud established the [[International Psychoanalytical Association]] (IPA) in March 1910. He arranged for [[Carl Jung]] to be its first president. This organisation chose to only provide both psychoanalytic training and recognition to medical doctors.

The [[American Psychoanalytic Association]] was founded in 1911<ref>{{cite web |title=APsaA Mission & Vision {{!}} APsaA |url=http://www.apsa.org/content/apsaa-mission-vision |access-date=2018-10-01 |website=www.apsa.org |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912102821/https://apsa.org/content/apsaa-mission-vision |url-status=dead }}</ref> by Welsh neurologist [[Ernest Jones]], with the support of Freud. It followed the IPA's practice of only supporting psychoanalysis provided by medical doctors.

Jung gave a speech explaining his understanding of Freud's work called ''Psychoanalysis and Neurosis'' in New York in 1912. It was published in 1916.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9781400850938.243 |chapter=Psychoanalysis and Neurosis |title=Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 4: Freud & Psychoanalysis |year=2014 |pages=243–251 |isbn=978-1-4008-5093-8 }}</ref>

The journal ''[[Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse]]'' was established in 1913, and continued until 1941.

The battlefield stresses of [[World War I]] (1914–18) lead to many cases of strong short-term psychological symptoms, known today as "[[combat stress reaction]]" (CSR). Other terms for the condition include "combat fatigue", "battle fatigue", "battle neurosis", "shell shock" and "operational stress reaction". The general psychological term [[acute stress disorder]] was first used for this condition at this time.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

The [[fight-or-flight response]] was first described by American physiologist [[Walter Bradford Cannon]] in 1915.<ref name="Walter Bradford Cannon 1915 211">{{Cite book | vauthors = [[Walter Bradford Cannon|Cannon WB]] |title=Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage |publisher=[[Appleton-Century-Crofts]] |year=1915 |location=New York |pages=211}}</ref>

American military psychiatrist [[Thomas William Salmon|Thomas W. Salmon]] (the chief consultant in psychiatry in the [[American Expeditionary Forces|American Expeditionary Force]])<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Parry M | title = Thomas W. Salmon: advocate of mental hygiene | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 96 | issue = 10 | pages = 1741 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17008565 | pmc = 1586146 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2006.095794}}</ref> released the book ''The care and treatment of mental diseases and war neuroses ("shell shock") in the British army'' in 1917,<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Salmon TW |url=http://archive.org/details/caretreatmentofm00salmrich |title=The care and treatment of mental diseases and war neuroses ("shell shock") in the British army |date=1917 |publisher=War Work Committee of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, Inc. |location=New York City |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref> dealing primarily with what was considered was the best treatment for hysteria. His recommendations were broadly adopted in the US armed forces.

Freud's most explanatory work on neurosis was his lectures later grouped together as "General Theory of the Neuroses" (1916–17), forming part 3 of the book ''Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalyse'' (1917), later published in English as ''[[Introduction to Psychoanalysis|A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis]]'' (1920).<ref name="Freud_1920">{{Cite book | vauthors = Freud S |url=http://archive.org/details/ageneralintrodu00freugoog |title=A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis |date=1920 |publisher=H. Liveright |others=Harvard University |language=English}}</ref>

In that work, Freud noted that:<blockquote>The meaning of neurotic symptoms was first discovered by J. Breuer in the study and felicitous cure of a case of hysteria which has since become famous (1880–82). It is true that P. Janet independently reached the same result...

The [neurotic] symptom develops as a substitution for something else that has remained suppressed. Certain psychological experiences should normally have become so far elaborated that consciousness would have attained knowledge of them. This did not take place, however, but out of these interrupted and disturbed processes, imprisoned in the unconscious, the symptom arose...

Our therapy does its work by means of changing the unconscious into the conscious, and is effective only in so far as it has the opportunity of bringing about this transformation...<ref name="Freud_1920" /></blockquote>Freud added to this with his paper "Aus der Geschichte einer infantilen Neurose" (From the History of an Infantile Neurosis) published in 1918, which is a detailed case study of his treatment of the "[[The Wolfman (Freud essay)|Wolfman]]".
[[The International Journal of Psychoanalysis]] was founded by Ernest Jones in 1920.

In response to stress injuries from World War I, the British government produced the ''[[Combat stress reaction|Report of the War Office Committee of Inquiry into "Shell-Shock"]]'', which was published in 1922.

Its recommended course of treatment included: <blockquote>While recognizing that each individual case of war neurosis must be treated on its merits, the Committee are of opinion that good results will be obtained in the majority by the simplest forms of psycho-therapy, i.e., explanation, persuasion and suggestion, aided by such physical methods as baths, electricity and massage. Rest of mind and body is essential in all cases. [The practices of [[Paul Charles Dubois]].]

The committee are of opinion that the production of deep hypnotic sleep, while beneficial as a means of conveying suggestions or eliciting forgotten experiences are useful in selected cases, but in the majority they are unnecessary and may even aggravate the symptoms for a time.

They do not recommend psycho-analysis in the Freudian sense.

In the state of convalescence, [[Occupational therapy|re-education and suitable occupation of an interesting nature]] are of great importance. If the patient is unfit for further military service, it is considered that every endeavor should be made to obtain for him suitable employment on his return to active life.</blockquote>''The common neuroses and their treatment by psychotherapy'' was a book released by British psychiatrist Thomas Arthur Ross<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1941-03-22 |title=OBITUARY |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=4185 |pages=463–464 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4185.463-a |pmc=2161727 }}</ref> in 1923, to instruct medical doctors in general.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Ross TA |url=http://archive.org/details/commonneuroses029419mbp |title=The Common Neuroses |date=1949 |publisher=Edward Arnold And Company |edition=2nd}}</ref> (A second edition was published in 1937, which was subsequently reprinted many times). He also followed the practice of [[Paul Charles Dubois]], and believed "Freudian analysis" was only necessary for the most difficult cases. Ross would later write the books ''Introduction to analytical psychotherapy'' (1932) and ''An enquiry into prognosis in the neuroses'' (1936).

In April 1923 Freud published his monograph ''Das Ich und das Es'' (published in English as ''[[The Ego and the Id]]),''<ref name=":62">Freud, Sigmund. 1955 [1923]. "[[The Ego and the Id]]." In [[The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud|''Standard Edition'']] 19, edited by [[James Strachey|J. Strachey]]. London: [[Hogarth Press]]. Lay summaries via [https://www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.html Simply Psychology] and [https://daily.jstor.org/virtual-roundtable-on-the-ego-and-the-id/ JSTOR Daily Roundtable]. [https://www3.nd.edu/~dlapsle1/Lab/Articles%20&%20Chapters_files/Entry%20for%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Human%20Behavior%28finalized4%20Formatted%29.pdf Glossary] via University of Notre Dame.</ref> which included a revised theory of mental functioning, now considering that repression was only one of many defence mechanisms, and that it occurred to reduce anxiety. Hence, Freud characterised repression as both a cause and a result of anxiety.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Austrian literary theorist [[Otto Rank]] was a close ally of Freud. His book [[The Trauma of Birth|''The'' ''Trauma of Birth'']] (1924) focused more on people's choices, rather than Freud's focus on drives. He believed in the idea of psychotherapy as opposed to psychoanalysis — that understanding someone's neuroses wasn't sufficient for effective therapy.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Freud released his book ''Hemmung, Symptom und Angst'' (Inhibition, Symptom and Anxiety) in 1926, in reaction to Rank's book.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=E. James |title=The letters of Sigmund Freud & Otto Rank: inside psychoanalysis |last2=Kramer |first2=Robert |date=2012 |publisher=Johns Hopkins university press |isbn=978-1-4214-0354-0 |location=Baltimore}}</ref> It detailed his further developed understanding of neurosis and anxiety. (The book was published in English as ''The Problem of Anxiety'' in 1936.) This book expressed his new view that anxiety created repression, rather than the other way around.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aeq5S_TZflYC |title=Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety |date=1977 |publisher=Norton |isbn=978-0-393-00874-6 |language=en}}</ref><!-- More here. --> 

Freud also published the book ''Die Frage der Laienanalyse'' ([[The Question of Lay Analysis]]) in 1926, in which he endorsed non-doctors performing psychoanalysis. 

In 1929, Austrian psychiatrist [[Alfred Adler]] published the book ''Problems of Neurosis: A Book of Case-Histories'', furthering the school of [[individual psychology]] he had established in 1912.<!-- More here. -->

1929 also saw [[Edmund Jacobson]] publishing of the professional instruction book ''Progressive Relaxation''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacobson |first=Edmund |url=http://archive.org/details/progressiverelax0000jaco |title=Progressive relaxation; a physiological and clinical investigation of muscular states and their significance in psychology and medical practice |date=1974 |publisher=Chicago [Ill.] University of Chicago Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-226-39059-8}}</ref> It explained the benefits of relaxation for addressing neuroses and other mental conditions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-04 |title=The man who invented relaxation |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34714591 |access-date=2023-12-16}}</ref> He followed this with the more publicly-oriented ''You Must Relax''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacobson |first=Edmund |url=http://archive.org/details/youmustrelax0000jaco |title=You must relax |date=1976 |publisher=New York : McGraw-Hill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-07-032182-3}}</ref> in 1934.

[[Walter Bradford Cannon]]'s 1932 book ''The Wisdom of the Body<ref name="wisdom">{{cite book |title=The Wisdom of the Body |vauthors=Cannon WB |date=1932 |publisher=W. W. Norton and Company |place=New York |pages=177–201}}</ref>'' popularised the concept of fight-or-flight.

The [[American Medical Association]] released its ''Standard Classified Nomenclature of Diseases'' in 1933, the first widely accepted such nomenclature in the United States. By the second edition of 1935, its category of "psychoneuroses" included:

* Hysteria
** [[Anxiety disorder|Anxiety hysteria]]
** [[Conversion hysteria]]
*** Anesthenic type
*** Paralytic type
*** Hyperkinetic type
*** Paresthetic type
*** Autonomic type
*** Amnesic type
** Mixed hysterical psychoneurosis
* Psychasthenia or compulsive states
** [[Obsessive–compulsive disorder|Obsession]]
** [[Tourette syndrome|Compulsive tics or spasms]]
** [[Phobia]]
** Mixed compulsive states
* [[Neurasthenia]]
* [[Hypochondriasis]]
* [[Reactive depression]]
* [[Anxiety state]]
* Mixed psychoneurosis<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Logie HB |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010176111 |title=Standard classified nomenclature of disease |date=1938 |publisher=American Medical Association |location=Chicago}}</ref>

[[File:Portrait Hans Selye.jpg|thumb|[[Hans Selye|Hans Seyle]] devised the general adaptation syndrome to describe stress.]]
The [[General Adaptation Syndrome|general adaptation syndrome]] (GAS) theory of stress was developed by Austro-Hungarian physiologist [[Hans Selye]] in 1936.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Taylor S, Sirois F |title=Health Psychology |date=2012 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Ryerson |isbn=978-0-07-031979-0 |edition=2nd Canadian}}</ref>

In 1937, Austrian-American psychiatrist [[Adolph Stern]] proposed that there were many people with conditions that fitted between the definitions of psychoneurosis and psychosis, and called them the "border line group of neuroses".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stern A |title=Psychoanalytic Investigation of and Therapy in the Border Line Group of Neuroses |journal=The Psychoanalytic Quarterly |date=October 1938 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=467–489 |doi=10.1080/21674086.1938.11925367 }}</ref> This group would later become known as [[borderline personality disorder]].

By 1937, the concept of "occupational neuroses" was known by many American health practitioners. It referred to neuroses caused by any aspect of someone's employment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Harms E |title=The Social Background of Occupational Neuroses |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |date=June 1937 |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=689–695 |doi=10.1097/00005053-193706000-00004 }}</ref>

=== 1939–1952 ===
Followers of Freud's [[Psychoanalytic theory|psychoanalytic]] thinking, such as [[Jung's theory of neurosis|Carl Jung]], [[Karen Horney]], and [[Jacques Lacan]], continued to discuss the concept of neurosis after Freud's death in 1939. The term continues to be used in the Freudian sense in psychology and philosophy.<ref name="Russon_2003">{{cite book| vauthors = Russon J |title=Human Experience: Philosophy, Neurosis, and the Elements of Everyday Life|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2003|isbn=0-7914-5754-0|author-link=John Russon}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref><ref name="Jacobson_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jacobson K | title = The interpersonal expression of human spatiality: a phenomenological interpretation of anorexia nervosa. | journal = [[Chiasmi International]] | date = 2006 | pages = 157–174 | doi = 10.5840/chiasmi2006824}}</ref>

By 1939, some 120,000 British ex-servicemen had received final awards for primary psychiatric disability or were still drawing pensions&nbsp;– about 15% of all pensioned disabilities&nbsp;– and another 44,000 or so were getting pensions for "soldier's heart" or [[Effort Syndrome|effort syndrome]]. British historian [[Ben Shephard (historian)|Ben Shephard]] notes, "There is, though, much that statistics do not show, because in terms of psychiatric effects, pensioners were just the tip of a huge iceberg."<ref name="shephard">[[Ben Shephard (English historian)|Shephard, Ben]]. ''A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists, 1914–1994''. London: Jonathan Cape, 2000. {{ISBN?}} {{page needed|date=September 2022}}</ref>

Approximately 20% of U.S. troops displayed symptoms of [[combat stress reaction]] during [[World War II|WWII]] (1939-1945). It was assumed to be a temporary response of healthy individuals to witnessing or experiencing traumatic events. Symptoms included depression, anxiety, withdrawal, confusion, paranoia, and sympathetic hyperactivity.<ref name="Bryant_2000">{{cite book | vauthors = Bryant R, Harvey A |title=Acute Stress Disorder: A Handbook Of Theory, Assessment, And Treatment |publisher=American Psychological Association |year=2000 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=3–40, 87–134}}</ref> [[Thomas William Salmon|Thomas W. Salmon]]'s battle neurosis principles were adopted by the U.S. forces during this conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-07 |title=PTSD from Armistice Day to DSM-5 - VA News |url=https://news.va.gov/10827/ptsd-from-armistice-day-to-dsm-5/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=news.va.gov |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[The American Journal of Psychoanalysis]] was founded by Karen Horney in 1941.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-26 |title=American Journal of Psychoanalysis |url=https://amjpa.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

1942 saw American psychologist [[Carl Rogers]] publish the handbook ''Counseling and Psychotherapy'', which established his school of [[person-centered therapy]].

Austrian psychiatrist [[Otto Fenichel]]'s encyclopaedic textbook ''The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis'' (1945) set the post-war Freudian orthodoxy on the subject. It has been heavily cited by academic papers in the years since.
[[File:Karen Horney 1938.jpg|thumb|[[Karen Horney]] developed the psychoanalytic understanding of neurosis through a series of books and by establishing a journal.]]
Karen Horney's ''Our Inner Conflicts: A Constructive Theory of Neurosis'' (1945) was a popular book on the topic.

The post-World War II boom in the number of patient-treating psychologists in the United States led to a major restructure of the [[American Psychological Association]] in 1945. [[Carl Rogers]] became its president in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former APA Presidents |url=https://www.apa.org/about/governance/president/former-presidents |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref>

Austrian psychiatrist [[Viktor Frankl]]'s best selling book ''[[Man's Search for Meaning]]'' (1946) launched the psychotherapy school of [[logotherapy]].<!-- More here. -->

For his 1947 book, ''Dimensions of Personality'', German-British psychologist [[Hans Eysenck]] created the term "[[neuroticism]]" to refer to someone whose "constitution may leave them liable to break down [emotionally] with the slightest provocation".<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Eysenck HJ |url= http://archive.org/details/dimensionsofpers0000hjey_e0a7 |title=dimensions of personality |date=1950 |publisher=routledge & kegan paul limited |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> The book outlines a two-factor theory of personality, with neuroticism as one of those two factors. This book would be greatly influential on future personality theory.

Karen Horney's ''[[Neurosis and Human Growth]]'' (1950) further expanded the understanding of neuroses.

French-Swiss psychologist [[Germaine Guex]]'s 1950 book ''La névrose d'abandon'' proposed the existence of the condition of "abandonment neurosis". It also detailed all the forms of treatment Geux had found effective in treating it. (It was published in English as ''The Abandonment Neurosis'' in 2015).<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Guex G | translator-last = Douglass PD | veditors = Kahr B, Rudnytski PL |title = The Abandonment Neurosis |date=2015 |publisher=Karnac Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-78220-191-5 | series = The History of Psychoanalysis Series | url = https://www.routledge.com/The-Abandonment-Neurosis/Guex/p/book/9781782201915}}</ref>

In October 1951, the now highly influential [[Carl Rogers]] presented a paper in which he described the relationship between neurosis and his understanding of effective therapy. He wrote:<blockquote>The emotionally maladjusted person, the "neurotic", is in difficulty first because communication within himself has broken down, and second because as a result of this his communication with others has been damaged. If this sounds somewhat strange, then let me put it in other terms. In the "neurotic" individual, parts of himself which have been termed unconscious, or repressed, or denied to awareness, become blocked off so that they no longer communicate themselves to the conscious or managing part of himself... The task of psychotherapy is to help the person achieve, through a special relationship with the therapist, good communication within himself.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rogers CR |title=Communication: Its Blocking and Its Facilitation |journal=ETC |date=1952 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=83–88 |jstor=42581028 }}</ref></blockquote>The [[North American Society of Adlerian Psychology]] was established in 1952,<ref>{{Cite web |title=About NASAP |url=https://www.alfredadler.org/about-nasap |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=North American Society for Adlerian Psychology |language=en-US}}</ref> becoming the predominant society of its cause in the world.

=== DSM-I (1952–1968) ===
The first edition of the [[American Psychiatric Association]]'s ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (DSM-I) in 1952 included a category named "Psychoneurotic Disorders".<ref name="US Army_1952">{{Cite book |last=US Army |url=http://archive.org/details/dsm-1 |title=DSM-1 Full PDF |date=1952}}</ref>

Regarding the definition of this category, the Manual stated:<blockquote>Grouped as Psychoneurotic Disorders are those disturbances in which "anxiety" is a chief characteristic, directly felt and expressed, or automatically controlled by such defenses as depression, conversion, dissociation, displacement, phobia formation, or repetitive thoughts and acts.

For this nomenclature, a psychoneurotic reaction may be defined as one in which the personality, in its struggle for adjustment to internal and external stresses, utilizes the mechanisms listed above to handle the anxiety created. The qualifying phrase, x.2 with neurotic reaction, may be used to amplify the diagnosis when, in the presence of another psychiatric disturbance, a symptomatic clinical picture appears which might be diagnosed under Psychoneurotic Disorders in this nomenclature. A specific example may be seen in an episode of acute anxiety occurring in a homosexual.<ref name="US Army_1952" /></blockquote>Conditions in the category included:

* [[Anxiety disorder|Anxiety reaction]]
* [[Dissociative identity disorder|Dissociative reaction]]
* [[Conversion reaction]]
* [[Phobia|Phobic reaction]]
* [[Obsessive–compulsive disorder|Obsessive compulsive reaction]]
* [[Major depressive disorder|Depressive reaction]]
* Psychoneurotic reaction, other<ref name="US Army_1952" />

The DSM-I also included a category of "transient situational personality disorders". This included the diagnosis of "[[Post-traumatic stress disorder|gross stress reaction]]".<ref name="Posttraumatic stress disorder: a history and a critique">{{cite journal | vauthors = Andreasen NC | title = Posttraumatic stress disorder: a history and a critique | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 1208 | issue = Psychiatric and Neurologic Aspects of War | pages = 67–71 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20955327 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05699.x | bibcode = 2010NYASA1208...67A | s2cid = 42645212}}</ref> This was defined as a normal personality using established patterns of reaction to deal with overwhelming fear as a response to conditions of great stress.<ref name="DSM-I">{{cite book |last1=American Psychiatric Association |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual |date=1978 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Mental Hospital Service |isbn=978-0-89042-017-1 |page=326.3 |author1-link=American Psychiatric Association}}</ref> The diagnosis included language which relates the condition to combat as well as to "civilian catastrophe".<ref name="DSM-I" /> The other situational disorders were "[[Adjustment reaction|adult situational reaction]]" and a variety of time-of-life delineated "[[adjustment reaction]]s". These referred to short-term reactions to stressors.

[[Monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s (MAOIs) and [[tricyclic antidepressant]]s (TCAs) were developed for the treatment of neurosis and other conditions from the early 1950s. Because of their undesirable adverse-effect profile and high potential for [[toxicity]], their use was limited.<ref name="Laura">{{cite magazine | vauthors = Fitzpatrick L |date=2010-01-07 |title=A brief history of antidepressants |url=http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1952143,00.html |magazine=Time |access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="foye">{{cite book | vauthors = Lemke TL, Williams DA |title=Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry |date=2008 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |edition=6th |location=Philadelphia |pages=568–600}}</ref>

The use of modern [[exposure therapy]] for neuroses began in the 1950s in South Africa.<ref name="Abramowitz, J. S. 2010">{{cite book | vauthors = Abramowitz JS, Deacon BJ, Whiteside PH |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnoznH2c7esC |title=Exposure Therapy for Anxiety: Principles and Practice |publisher=Guilford Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60918-016-4}}</ref> South African-American [[Joseph Wolpe]] was one of the first psychiatrists to spark interest in treating psychiatric problems as behavioral issues.

In May 1950, pharmacologist [[Frank Berger]] (Czech-American) and chemist Bernard John Ludwig engineered [[meprobamate]] to be a non-drowsy tranquiliser.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ludwig BJ, Piech E |year=1951 |title=Some anticonvulsant agents derived from 1, 3-propanediol |journal=J Am Chem Soc |volume=73 |issue=12 |pages=5779–5781 |doi=10.1021/ja01156a086|bibcode=1951JAChS..73.5779L }}</ref> Launched as "Miltown" in 1955, it rapidly became the first blockbuster psychotropic drug in American history, becoming popular in Hollywood and gaining fame for its effects.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgkXBQAAQBAJ |title=The Age of Anxiety: A History of America's Turbulent Affair with Tranquilizers |vauthors=Tone A |publisher=Basic Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-465-08658-0 |location=New York |chapter=The Fashionable Pill}}</ref> It is highly addictive.

''[[The Meaning of Anxiety]]'' was a book released by American psychiatrist [[Rollo May]] in 1950.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = May R |url= http://content.apa.org/books/10760-000 |title=The meaning of anxiety. |date=1950 |publisher=Ronald Press Company |location=New York |language=en |doi=10.1037/10760-000}}</ref> It reviewed the existing research on the subject. It found that some anxiety was a simple reaction to related stimuli, while other anxiety had a more complicated and neurotic beginning. A revised edition of the book was published in 1977.

After the [[Korean War]] (1950-1953), [[Thomas William Salmon|Thomas W. Salmon]]'s battle neurosis treatment practices became summarised as the PIE principles:<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pols H, Oak S | title = War & military mental health: the US psychiatric response in the 20th century | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 97 | issue = 12 | pages = 2132–2142 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 17971561 | pmc = 2089086 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2006.090910}}</ref>

* Proximity&nbsp;– treat the casualties close to the front and within sound of the fighting.
* Immediacy&nbsp;– treat them without delay and not wait until the wounded were all dealt with.
* Expectancy&nbsp;– ensure that everyone had the expectation of their return to the front after a rest and replenishment.

The [[Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale]] was created by American psychologist [[Janet Taylor Spence|Janet Taylor]] in 1953. It measures anxiousness as a personality trait.

The [[International Association for Analytical Psychology|International Association of Analytical Psychology]] was founded in 1955. It is the predominant organisation devoted to the psychology of [[Carl Jung]].

The [[American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry|American Academy of Psychoanalysis]] was founded in 1956, for psychiatrists to discuss psychoanalysis in ways that deviated from the orthodoxy of the time.

Also in 1956, American psychologist [[Albert Ellis]] publicly read his first paper on his methodology "rational psychotherapy"''.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=Albert |url=https://albertellis.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Rational-Psychotherapy.pdf |title=Rational Psychotherapy |date=1956-08-31 |publisher=American Psychological Association }}</ref> (He took inspiration from, and used the same name as the methodology of [[Paul Charles Dubois]]. He claimed additional inspiration from Freud and [[Epictetus|Epicetus]]).<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1303440303}} |last1=Ellis |first1=Albert |title=Rational Psychotherapy and Individual Psychology |journal=Journal of Individual Psychology |volume=13 |issue=1 |date=May 1957 |pages=38–44 }}</ref> This and later works defined what is now known as [[rational emotive behavior therapy]] (REBT). Ellis believed that people's erroneous beliefs about their adversities was a major cause of neurosis, and his therapy aimed to dissolve these neuroses by correcting people's understandings. Ellis published the first REBT book, ''How to live with a neurotic,'' in 1957. 

<!-- More here. -->Albert Ellis and others founded "The Institute for Rational Living" in April 1959, which later became the Albert Ellis Institute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Mission and History |url=https://albertellis.org/our-mission-and-history/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Albert Ellis Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>

The concept of "[[Institutional syndrome|institutional neurosis]]" was coined by British psychiatrist Russell Barton,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hilton C |title=Dr Russell Barton, Belsen concentration camp and 1960s psychiatric hospitals in England: the controversy |journal=Contemporary British History |date=3 July 2018 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=307–335 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2018.1477597 |s2cid=149881128 }}</ref> and explained in his well-cited 1959 book ''Institutional Neurosis''.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Barton R |title=Institutional Neurosis |date=2013 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=978-1-4831-8341-1 }}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}{{primary source inline|date=July 2023}}</ref> Barton believed that many of the mental health symptoms had by people living in mental hospitals and similar institutions were caused by being in those environments, rather than other causes. Barton was a leader in the [[deinstitutionalisation]] movement. (This form of neurosis later came to be known as "[[institutional syndrome]]").

[[Benzodiazepine]]s are a class of highly addictive sedative drugs that reduce anxiety by depressing function in certain parts of the brain. The first of these drugs, [[chlordiazepoxide]] (Librium), was made available for sale in 1960. (It was discovered by Polish-American chemist [[Leo Sternbach]] in 1955.) Librium was followed with the more popular [[diazepam]] (Valium) in 1963.<ref name="isbn0-19-517668-5">{{cite book | vauthors = Shorter E |title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-517668-1 |pages=41–42 |chapter=Benzodiazepines}}</ref> These drugs soon displaced Miltown.<ref name="Conis">{{Cite web | vauthors = Conis E |date=2008-02-18 |title=Valium had many ancestors |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-feb-18-he-esoterica18-story.html |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Shorter E |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VaYF8pIPxgC |title=Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry |date=2008-10-28 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-970933-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Spanish history writer Jose M. Lopez Pinero published ''Origenes historicos del concepto de neurosis'' in 1963.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mora G, Lopez Pinero GM |title= Origenes historicos del concepto de neurosis; Valencia, Catedra e Instituto de Historia de la Medicina, 1963, p. 206 |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |date=July 1966 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=276–278 |doi=10.1002/1520-6696(196607)2:3<276::AID-JHBS2300020313>3.0.CO;2-Z }}</ref> It was published in English as ''Historical Origins of the Concept of Neurosis'' in 1983.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511753510 |title=Historical Origins of the Concept of Neurosis |year=1983 | vauthors = López Pinero JM  |isbn=978-0-521-24972-0 }}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref>

[[Neurotics Anonymous]] began in February 1964, as a [[twelve-step program]] to help the neurotic. It was founded in Washington, D.C. by American psychologist Grover Boydston,<ref name="BOYDSTON1974">{{cite thesis |degree=[[Master of Education|Ed.M]] | vauthors = Boydston G |title=A history and status report of Neurotics Anonymous, an organization offering self-help for the mentally and emotionally disturbed |year=1974 |publisher=[[Barry University]] |location=[[Miami, Florida]] |oclc=14126024}}</ref><ref name="SAGARINMENTAL1969">{{cite book | vauthors = Sagarin E |title=Odd man in; societies of deviants in America |publisher=Quadrangle Books |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-531-06344-6 |location=[[Chicago, Illinois]] |pages=210–232 |chapter=Chapter 9. Mental patients: are they their brothers' therapists? |oclc=34435 |author-link=Edward Sagarin}}</ref> and has since spread through the Americas.

Also in 1964, Polish psychiatrist [[Kazimierz Dąbrowski]] released his book ''Positive Disintegration''.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Dąbrowski K |url=http://archive.org/details/positivedisinteg00dabr |title=Positive disintegration |date=1964 |publisher=Boston, Little, Brown |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> The book argues that developing and resolving psychoneurosis is a necessary part of healthy personality development.

The year 1964 also saw the establishment of the [[American Psychological Association]]'s Division 25, a group of psychologists interested in behaviourism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behavior Analysis (Div. 25) |url=https://www.apadivisions.org/division-25 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=www.apadivisions.org}}</ref>

The popular textbook ''The causes and cures of neurosis; an introduction to modern behaviour therapy based on learning theory and the principles of conditioning'' was published in 1965 by Hans Eysenck and South African-British psychologist [[Stanley Rachman]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Eysenck HJ, Rachman S |title=The Causes and Cures of Neurosis: An Introduction to Modern Behaviour Therapy Based on Learning Theory and the Principles of Conditioning |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-84101-6 }}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref> It aimed to replace the Freudian approach to neurosis with [[behaviorism]].
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The "Hopkins Symptom Checklist" (HSCL) is a self-report symptom inventory that was developed in the mid-1960s from earlier checklists. It measures somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety and depression.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH, Covi L | title = The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): a self-report symptom inventory | journal = Behavioral Science | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–15 | date = January 1974 | pmid = 4808738 | doi = 10.1002/bs.3830190102}}</ref>

In 1966, psychologists began to observe large numbers of children of Holocaust survivors seeking mental help in clinics in Canada. The grandchildren of Holocaust survivors were overrepresented by 300% among the referrals to psychiatry clinics in comparison with their representation in the general population.<ref name="pmid14735877">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fossion P, Rejas MC, Servais L, Pelc I, Hirsch S | title = Family approach with grandchildren of Holocaust survivors | journal = American Journal of Psychotherapy | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 519–527 | date = 2003 | pmid = 14735877 | doi = 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.4.519 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Further study lead to the better understanding of [[transgenerational trauma]].

The noted book ''Psychological stress and the coping process'' was released by American psychologist [[Richard Lazarus]] in 1966.

The well-cited book ''Anxiety and Behaviour'' was also released in 1966. As with Eysenck and Rachman's book, it aimed to connect neuroses with behaviourism. It was edited by American psychologist [[Charles Spielberger]].

The [[Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies|Association for Advancement of Behavioral Therapies]] was founded in 1966. (In 2005, it became the [[Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies]].)

=== DSM-II (1968–1980) ===

After Freudian thinking became less prominent in psychology, the term "neurosis" came to be used as a near synonym for "[[anxiety]]". The second edition of the DSM (''[[DSM-II]]'') in 1968 described neuroses thusly: <blockquote>Anxiety is the chief characteristic of the neuroses. It may be felt and expressed directly, or it may be controlled unconsciously and automatically by [[Conversion disorder|conversion]] [into physical symptoms], [[Displacement (psychology)|displacement]] [into mental symptoms] and various other psychological mechanisms. Generally, these mechanisms produce symptoms experienced as subjective distress from which the patient desires relief. The neuroses, as contrasted to the [[Psychosis|psychoses]], manifest neither gross distortion or misinterpretation of external reality, nor gross personality disorganization...</blockquote>Included in this category were the conditions:

* [[Hysterical neurosis]]
** [[Conversion disorder|Hysterical neurosis, conversion type]]
** [[Hysterical neurosis, dissociative type]]
* [[Phobia|Phobic neurosis]]
* [[Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis|Obsessive compulsive neurosis]]
* [[Major depressive disorder|Depressive neurosis]]
* [[Neurasthenia|Neurasthenic neurosis]] (neurasthenia)
* [[Depersonalization-derealization disorder|Depersonalization neurosis]] (depersonalization syndrome)
* [[Hypochondriasis|Hypochondriacal neurosis]]
* Other neurosis
* Unspecified neurosis

What was previously "gross stress reaction" and "adult situational reaction" was combined into the new "[[adjustment disorder]] of adult life", a condition covering mild to strong reactions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISTSS - History |url=https://istss.org/about-istss/history |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=istss.org}}</ref> Other adjustment disorders for other times-of-life were also included. (Also, the category "transient situational personality disorders" was renamed "transient situational disturbances.")

''Anxiety and Neurosis'' was a popular mass-market book released in 1968 by British psychologist [[Charles Rycroft]].<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Rycroft C |title=Anxiety and Neurosis | date = 1968 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Anxiety-and-Neurosis/Rycroft/p/book/9780946439522 |access-date=2023-04-14 | publisher = Routledge & CRC Press |language=en | isbn = 978-0-946439-52-2}}</ref>

''Neuroses and Personality Disorders'' was a popular textbook released by American psychologist Elton B McNeil<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychologist McNeil Dies At 50 {{!}} Ann Arbor District Library |url=https://aadl.org/node/83741 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=aadl.org}}</ref> in 1970.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = McNeil EB |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o0AJ9cb7YLQC |title=Neuroses and Personality Disorders |date=1970 |language=en | publisher = Prentice-Hall | location = Englewood Cliffs, N.J. | oclc = 97389 | isbn = 978-0-13-611509-0}}</ref>

The [[State-Trait Anxiety Inventory]] (STAI) was developed by [[Charles Spielberger]] and others, and first published in 1970. It provides separate "state" and "trait" measures of a person's anxiety. A revised form was released in 1983.<ref>{{cite book |title=Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory |vauthors=Spielberger C, Gorssuch R, Lushene P, Vagg P, Jacobs G |publisher=Consulting Psychologists Press |year=1983}}{{page needed|date=December 2017}}</ref>

The book ''[[Primal therapy|Primal Scream. Primal Therapy: The Cure for Neurosis]]'' by American psychologist [[Arthur Janov]] was released in 1970. It established [[primal therapy]] as a treatment for neurosis. It is based on the idea that neurosis is caused by the [[Psychological repression|repressed]] pain of childhood trauma. Janov argued that repressed pain can be sequentially brought to conscious awareness for resolution through re-experiencing specific incidents and fully expressing the resulting pain during therapy. Janov criticizes the [[talking therapies]] as they deal primarily with the [[cerebral cortex]] and higher-reasoning areas and do not access the source of Pain within the more basic parts of the [[central nervous system]].<ref name = "Janov_1980">{{cite book | vauthors = Janov A | chapter = Introduction |title=Prisoners of Pain: Unlocking the Power of the Mind to End Suffering |date=1980 |publisher=Anchor Press/Doubleday |isbn=978-0-385-15791-9}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref> (A second edition of the book was published in 1999).

Chinese-American psychiatrist William WK Zung<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blazer DG |title=William W.K. Zung, MDiv, MS, MD |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology |date=August 1992 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=234 |doi=10.1097/00004714-199208000-00003 }}</ref> released his "Anxiety Status Inventory" (ASI) and patient "Self-rating Anxiety Scale" (SAS) in November 1971.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zung WW |title=A Rating Instrument For Anxiety Disorders |journal=Psychosomatics |date=November 1971 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=371–379 |doi=10.1016/S0033-3182(71)71479-0 |pmid=5172928 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Dąbrowski expanded on his earlier book with ''Psychoneurosis Is Not An Illness: Neuroses And Psychoneuroses From The Perspective Of Positive Disintegration'' in 1972.

''Anxiety: Current Trends in Theory and Research'' is a well-cited series of two books released in 1972, and were edited by [[Charles Spielberger]].

American anthropologist [[Ernest Becker|Ernst Becker]] in his [[Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction|Pulitzer-winning]] book [[The Denial of Death]] (1973) argued that the repression of the fear of death had a number of advantages, and that this was a major source of neurosis.

The first [[Tetracyclic antidepressant|tetracyclic anti-depressant]] (TeCA) [[maprotiline]] (Ludiomil) was developed by [[Ciba-Geigy|Ciba]],<ref name="pmid19557250">{{cite journal |vauthors=Andersen J, Kristensen AS, Bang-Andersen B, Strømgaard K |year=2009 |title=Recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of antidepressant drugs with serotonin and norepinephrine transporters |journal=Chem. Commun. |issue=25 |pages=3677–92 |doi=10.1039/b903035m |pmid=19557250}}</ref> and patented in 1966.<ref name="pmid19557250" /> It was introduced for medical use in 1974.<ref name="pmid19557250" /><ref name="Dart2004">{{cite book |author=Richard C. Dart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfdighlyGiwC&pg=PA836 |title=Medical Toxicology |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7817-2845-4 |pages=836–}}</ref> TeCAs [[mianserin]] (Tolvon) and [[amoxapine]] (Asendin) followed shortly thereafter and [[mirtazapine]] (Remeron) being introduced later on.<ref name="pmid19557250" /><ref name="Dart2004" /> [[File:Liber Brunensis 1942, Aaron T. Beck.jpg|thumb|[[Aaron Beck]] advanced cognitive behavioral therapy, and developed a cognitive theory of depression.]][[Albert Ellis]]' work was expanded on by fellow American, psychiatrist [[Aaron Beck]]. In 1975, Beck released the greatly influential book ''Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders''. Beck's [[cognitive therapy]] became popular, soon becoming the most popular form of CBT and often being known by that name.<!-- More here. -->

American psychiatrist and historian [[Kenneth Levin]]'s ''Freud's early psychology of the neuroses: a historical perspective'' was published in 1978.

American-Israeli medical sociologist [[Aaron Antonovsky]] in his 1979 book ''Stress, Health and Coping'', stated that an event will not be perceived as stressful when it is appraised as consistent, under some personal control of the outcome, and balanced between underload and overload. Someone resistant to stress will see potential stressors as instead being "meaningful, predictable, and ordered."<ref name=":3">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/healthstresscopi00antorich |title=Health, Stress, and Coping |vauthors=Antonovsky A |publisher=Jossey-Bass Publishers |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87589-412-6 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Antonovsky proposed that stress and a lack of an individual's "resistance resources" (to stressors) may be the main underlying causes of illness and disease, not just mental neuroses. This book established the field of [[salutogenesis]].

In January 1980, [[Stanley Rachman]] published a well-cited working definition of "emotional processing",<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rachman S | title = Emotional processing | journal = Behaviour Research and Therapy | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–60 | date = 1980-01-01 | pmid = 7369988 | doi = 10.1016/0005-7967(80)90069-8}}</ref> aiming to define the "certain psychological experiences" Freud had mentioned in his 1923 book (and had earlier referred to). It included lists of things likely to improve or retard such processing.

=== DSM-III (1980–1994) ===
The DSM replaced its "neurosis" category with an "anxiety disorders" category in 1980, with the release of the [[DSM III|''DSM-III'']]. It did this because of a decision by its editors to provide descriptions of behavior rather than descriptions of hidden psychological mechanisms.<ref name="Horwitz2007">{{cite book | vauthors = Horwitz AV, Wakefield JC |title=The Loss of Sadness |publisher=Oxford |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-531304-8}}</ref> This change was controversial.<ref name="Wilson_1993">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson M | title = DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry: a history | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 150 | issue = 3 | pages = 399–410 | date = March 1993 | pmid = 8434655 | doi = 10.1176/ajp.150.3.399}}</ref>

This edition of the book also included a condition named "[[post-traumatic stress disorder]]" for the first time.<ref name="American Psychiatric Association. Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders_1980">{{Cite book |last1=American Psychiatric Association. Task Force on Nomenclature and Statistics |url=http://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis00amer |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |last2=American Psychiatric Association. Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |date=1980 |publisher=Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> This was similar in definition to the "gross stress reaction" of the DSM-I.

The anxiety disorders were defined as:

* [[Phobic disorders]] (or phobic neuroses)
** [[Agoraphobia]] with panic attacks
** Agoraphobia without panic attacks
** [[Social Phobia|Social phobia]]
** [[Simple phobia]]
* [[Anxiety states]] (or anxiety neuroses)
** [[Panic disorder]]
** [[Generalized anxiety disorder|Generalised anxiety disorder]]
** [[Obsessive–compulsive disorder|Obsessive compulsive disorder]] (or obsessive compulsive neuroses)
** [[Post-traumatic stress disorder]], acute
** Post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic or delayed
* Atypical anxiety disorder

[[Adjustment disorder]] remained, and was defined separately. Its time-of-life based subtypes were abolished, replaced with combinations with co-morbid syndromes (such as "Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood" and "Adjustment Disorder with Anxious Mood").<ref name="American Psychiatric Association. Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders_1980" /> Adjustment disorder returned to being a short-term condition.

[[Somatoform disorders]], [[Dissociation (psychology)|disassociation]], [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and [[Hypochondriasis|hypochondria]] (all previously considered neuroses) were also treated separately. [[Neurasthenia]] (a neurosis that caused otherwise unexplainable fatigue) was loosely mapped to a mild form of depression.

The American "National Membership Committee on Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work" was established in May 1980.<ref name="www.aapcsw.org">{{Cite web |title=AAPCSW History {{!}} American Association for Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work |url=https://www.aapcsw.org/about_us/history.html |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.aapcsw.org}}</ref> (It became the "American Association for Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work" in 2007).<ref name="www.aapcsw.org" />

American psychiatrist George F. Drinka released the history book ''Birth of Neurosis: Myth, Malady, and the Victorians'' in 1984.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Drinka GF | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xSweAQAAIAAJ |title=The Birth of Neurosis: Myth, Malady, and the Victorians |date=1984 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-44999-5 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[World Association of Psychoanalysis]] was founded in January 1992, and became the largest organisation devoted to the psychotherapy of [[Jacques Lacan]].

=== DSM-5 (2013–current) ===
In 2013, the [[DSM-5]] was released, separating out the "trauma and stress-related disorders" (Freud's etiology for neuroses) from the "anxiety disorders". The former category includes:

* [[Reactive attachment disorder]]
* [[Disinhibited social engagement disorder]]
* [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|Posttraumatic stress disorder]]
* [[Acute stress disorder]]
* [[Adjustment disorder]]s
* Other specified trauma- and stressor-related disorder
** Adjustment-like disorders with a late onset
** [[Ataque de nervios]]
** [[Dhat syndrome]]
** [[Khyâl cap]]
** [[Kufungisisa]]
** Maladi moun
** [[Nervios]]
** [[Shenjing shuairuo]]
** [[Susto]]
** [[Taijin kyofusho]]
** [[Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder|Persistent complex bereavement disorder]]
* Unspecified trauma- and stressor-related disorder