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New Jewel Movement
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== Origin == The New JEWEL Movement (NJM) was established on 11 March 1973 as an alliance of (1) the Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation (JEWEL); (2) the Organization for Revolutionary Education and Liberation (OREL); and (3) the Movement for Assemblies of the People (MAP).<ref name=N1>{{cite book |editor-link=Dieter Nohlen |editor-last=Nohlen |editor-first=Dieter |year=2005 |title=Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook |volume=1: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean |page=302 |isbn=978-0-19-928357-6}}</ref><ref name="Rojas_interview"/> Although "JEWEL" was originally an [[acronym]], since then NJM's name has generally been spelled out as "New Jewel Movement". [[Maurice Bishop]], a young lawyer who had returned to Grenada after being educated in England, and [[Unison Whiteman]], the founder of JEWEL, were elected NJM's Joint Coordinating Secretaries.<ref name="Nandwani_article">{{cite web |last=Nandwani |first=Ravi |year=2013 |title=The Rise and Fall of the New Jewel Movement in Grenada |url=https://www.academia.edu/8012682}}</ref> The party's manifesto was largely drafted by MAP's prominent intellectual, [[Franklyn Harvey]], who had been influenced by the writings of [[C.L.R. James]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Marable |first=Manning |title=African and Caribbean Politics: From Kwame Nkrumah to the Grenada Revolution |page=208 |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |date=1987 |isbn=978-0-860-91884-4}}</ref> In its early days, Bishop described the NJM as "a political party aimed at raising consciousness and taking political power if the accepted processes didnβt allow for electoral change."<ref name="Grenada_Revo_article">{{cite web |url=https://grenadarevo.com/glossary/new-jewel-movement/ |date=10 March 2019 |title=New Jewel Movement (NJM) - Caribbean Glossary |website=Grenada Revo}}</ref> The ''New Jewel'' newspaper, the party's principal publication, featured the motto: "Not Just Another Society β But a Just Society; Let Those who Labour Hold the Reins."<ref name="Grenada_Revo_article"/> From 1973 to 1979, the NJM functioned as an opposition party. During those years, the country's political situation became increasingly polarized and violent. For the [[1976 Grenadian general election|1976 general election]], the NJM forged an electoral coalition, known as the People's Alliance, with the [[Grenada National Party]] and United People's Party. However, the coalition lost to [[Eric Gairy|Prime Minister Eric Gairy]]'s ruling [[Grenada United Labour Party]]. Many international observers branded the 1976 election as fraudulent.<ref name=N1 /> In the late 1970s, the NJM became more militant and formed the National Liberation Army (NLA), also known as "the 12 Apostles".
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