Editing New Model Army (section)

==Foundation==
[[File:General Thomas Fairfax (1612-1671) by Robert Walker and studio.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|Sir [[Thomas Fairfax]], appointed commander of the New Model Army in April 1645]]

The forces raised in 1642 by both [[Cavaliers|Royalists]] and [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] were based on part-time militia known as [[Trained bands]]. Founded in 1572, these were organised by [[county]], controlled by [[Lord-lieutenant]]s appointed by the king, and constituted the only permanent military force in the country. The muster roll of February 1638 shows wide variations in size, equipment and training; the largest and best trained were based in [[London]] with 8,000, later increased to 20,000.{{Sfn|Hutton|2003|pp=5–6}} When the [[First English Civil War]] began in August 1642, many of the largest militia were based in Parliamentarian areas like London, while Royalist counties like [[Shropshire]] or [[Glamorgan]] had fewer than 500 men.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trained Bands |url=http://wiki.bcw-project.org/trained-band/start |website=BCW Project |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

The weakness of this system was the reluctance of locally raised troops to serve outside their "home" areas, a problem for both sides during the war. On 19 November 1644, the Parliamentarian [[Eastern Association]] announced that they could no longer meet the cost of maintaining their forces, which then comprised about half the field force available to Parliament. In response, the [[Committee of Both Kingdoms]] conducted a wide-ranging review of further military needs and recommended the establishment of a centralised, professional force. On 30 January 1645, committeemen of the Eastern Association discussed their concerns at the [[Bury Conference (1645)|Bury Conference]] at [[Bury St Edmunds]].<ref name="Alfred Kingston (1897)">{{cite book |last1=Kingston |first1=Alfred |title=East Anglia and the Great Civil War |date=1897 |publisher=Elliot Stock |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|191}} On 17 February 1645, the New Model Army Ordinance became law, with Sir [[Thomas Fairfax]] being appointed Captain General, or commander in chief, and [[Philip Skippon]] being appointed Major General of the Foot.{{sfn|Wanklyn|2014|p=111}}{{sfn|Young|Holmes|2000|p=227}}

The review coincided with increasing dissatisfaction as to the conduct of certain senior commanders; in July 1644, a Parliamentarian force under Fairfax and [[Oliver Cromwell]] secured control of [[Northern England]] by victory at [[Battle of Marston Moor|Marston Moor]]. However, this was offset first by defeat at [[Battle of Lostwithiel|Lostwithiel]] in September, then lack of decisiveness at the [[Second Battle of Newbury]] in October. The two commanders involved, [[Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex|Essex]] and [[Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester|Manchester]], were accused by many in [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] of lacking commitment, a group that included moderates like Sir [[William Waller]] as well as radicals like Cromwell.{{Sfn|Cotton|1975|p=212}}

In December 1644, [[Henry Vane the Younger|Sir Henry Vane]] introduced the [[Self-denying Ordinance]], requiring those holding military commissions to resign from Parliament. As members of the [[House of Lords]], Manchester and Essex were automatically removed, since unlike [[Members of Parliament|MPs]] they could not resign their titles, although they could be re-appointed, 'if Parliament approved.'{{sfn|Wedgwood|1983|pp=398–399}} Although delayed by the Lords, the Ordinance came into force on 3 April 1645. Since Cromwell was [[Member of Parliament|MP]] for [[Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge]], command of the cavalry was initially given to Colonel [[Bartholomew Vermuyden]], a former officer in the Eastern Association who was of Dutch origin and wanted to return home.{{Sfn|Roberts|2017}} Fairfax asked that Cromwell be appointed Lieutenant General of the Horse in place of Vermuyden, making him one of two original exceptions to the Self-denying Ordinance, the other being [[Sir William Brereton, 1st Baronet|Sir William Brereton]], commander in [[Cheshire]]. They were allowed to serve under a series of three-month temporary commissions that were continually extended.{{sfn|Royle|2004|p=319}}

Other Parliamentarian forces were consolidated into two regional armies, the ''Northern Association'' under [[Sydnam Poyntz]]<ref>{{CiteDNB|wstitle=Poyntz, Sydenham}}</ref> and ''Western Association'' under [[Edward Massey]].<ref>{{CiteDNB|wstitle=Massey, Edward}}</ref>

===Establishment and character===
[[File:Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Oliver Cromwell]], appointed commander of the cavalry]]

Parliament authorised an Army of 22,000 soldiers, most of whom came from three existing Parliamentarian armies; that commanded by the Earl of Essex, Waller's Southern Association and the Eastern Association under the Earl of Manchester.{{Sfn|Wanklyn|2014|pp=109–110}} It comprised 6,600 cavalry, divided into eleven units of 600 men, 14,400 foot, comprising twelve regiments of 1,200 men, and 1,000 [[dragoon]]s. Originally each regiment of cavalry had a company of dragoons attached, but at the urging of Fairfax on 1 March they were formed into a separate unit commanded by Colonel [[John Okey]].{{Sfn|Ede-Borrett|2009|pp=206–207}} Although the cavalry regiments were already up to strength, the infantry was severely understrength and in May 1645 was still 4,000 men below the approved level.{{sfn|Rogers|1968|p=207}}

By creating fewer but larger regiments, the re-organisation greatly reduced the requirement for officers and senior [[Non-commissioned officer|NCOs]]. Fairfax had more than double the number of officers available for his 200 vacancies and those deemed surplus to requirements were either discharged or persuaded to re-enlist at a lower rank.{{Sfn|Wanklyn|2014|p=111}} Essex and Manchester raised objections to around 30% of those on the list, for reasons that are still debated, but ultimately only five changes were approved.{{Sfn|HMSO|1802|pp=64–65}} In addition, several Scots officers refused to take up their appointments, including [[John Middleton, 1st Earl of Middleton|John Middleton]], originally colonel of the Second Regiment of Horse.{{Sfn|Temple|1986|p=64}}

The standard daily pay was 8 pence for infantry and 2 [[Shilling (English coin)|shillings]] for cavalry, who also had to supply their own horses, while the administration of the Army was more centralised, with improved provision of adequate food, clothing and other supplies. At the same time, recruits were also supposed to be motivated by religious fervour, as demonstrated in the "Soldier's catechism", written by [[Robert Ram]].{{sfn|Ram|1644|p=15}} On 9 June 1645, Sir [[Samuel Luke]], one of the officers discharged, wrote the Army was "the bravest for bodies of men, horse and arms so far as the common soldiers as ever I saw in my life". However, he later complained many soldiers were drunk and their officers were often indistinguishable from enlisted men.{{sfn|Rogers|1968|pp=208–209}}

The extent to which the Army can be seen as a hotbed of religious and political radicalism is disputed, particularly since many of those now viewed as radicals, like [[Thomas Horton (soldier)|Thomas Horton]] or [[Thomas Pride]], were not considered such at the time. It is generally agreed that Fairfax, himself a moderate Presbyterian, sought to achieve a balance, while Essex and Manchester tried to remove those they viewed as unsuitable.{{Sfn|Wanklyn|2014|pp=113–115}} What is debated is whether they did so for military reasons, favouring the retention of established officer cadres, or to eliminate personal enemies and those considered too radical. Ultimately they failed and Fairfax successfully achieved his objective.{{Sfn|Temple|1986|pp=52–54}}

===Name===
The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' dated the earliest use of the phrase "New Model Army" to the works of the Scottish historian [[Thomas Carlyle]] in 1845, and the exact term does not appear in 17th- or 18th-century documents. Records from February 1646 refer to the "New Modelled Army"—the idiom of the time being to refer to an army that was "new-modelled" rather than appending the word "army" to "new model".{{sfn|Simpson|2013}}

===Original order of battle===
The order of battle was as follows:{{Sfn|Lipscombe|2020|p=349}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type
! Colonel
! Origin
! Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Horse
| Sir Thomas Fairfax's Regiment
| Army of the [[Eastern Association]]
| Formerly part of [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s double regiment of '[[Ironside (cavalry)|Ironsides]]'. Sir Thomas Fairfax's Lifeguard (formerly the Earl of Essex's Lifeguard troop) formed extra senior troop.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Horse
| [[Edward Whalley]]'s Regiment
| Army of the Eastern Association
| Formerly part of Oliver Cromwell's double regiment of 'Ironsides'. [[Richard Baxter]] served as chaplain July 1645 – July 1646.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Horse
| [[Charles Fleetwood]]'s Regiment
| Army of the Eastern Association
| Said to have many Independents in its ranks
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Horse
| [[Nathaniel Rich (soldier)|Nathaniel Rich]]'s Regiment
| Army of the Eastern Association
| Formerly the [[Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester|Earl of Manchester]]'s Regiment. Originally intended for [[Algernon Sydney]], who declined the appointment due to health concerns. Rich had earlier been rejected by the Commons for a colonelcy.<ref name="JotHoC">{{citation|title=Die Veneris, Februarii 28, 1644|work= Journal of the House of Commons|volume= 4 1644–1646 |location=London|date= 1802|pages= 64–65|via=British History Online|url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol4/pp64-65 |access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Horse
| [[Bartholomew Vermuyden]]'s Regiment
| Army of the Eastern Association
| Taken over by Oliver Cromwell after Naseby. Vermuyden, one of the last non-English regimental commanders, resigned in July 1645.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Horse
| Richard Graves' Regiment
| Army of the Earl of Essex
| Formerly the Earl of Essex's Regiment. After June 1647, it was commanded by [[Adrian Scrope]]. It was disbanded after 1649 Leveller Mutiny at Burford.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Horse
| Sir Robert Pye's Regiment
| Army of the Earl of Essex
| Originally intended for Nathaniel Rich, whose nomination was the only colonelcy rejected by the Commons, though he later received a commission when [[Algernon Sydney]] declined his nomination. Pye replaced by Matthew Tomlinson in 1647.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Horse
| Thomas Sheffield's Regiment
| Army of the Earl of Essex
| Sheffield replaced by [[Thomas Harrison (soldier)|Thomas Harrison]] in 1647
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Horse
| John Butler's Regiment
| Army of the Southern Association
| Originally intended for [[John Middleton, 1st Earl of Middleton|John Middleton]], who declined so he could serve in Scotland against the [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|Earl of Montrose]]. Butler replaced by [[Thomas Horton (soldier)|Thomas Horton]] in 1647
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Horse
| [[Henry Ireton]]'s Regiment{{refn|group=tablenote|name=House of Lords}}
| Army of the Southern Association
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Horse
| [[Edward Rossiter]]'s Regiment
| Newly raised
| Originally intended to serve in [[Lincolnshire]]. Rossiter was replaced by [[Philip Twisleton]] in 1647
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Dragoons
| [[John Okey]]'s Regiment{{refn|group=tablenote|name=House of Lords}}
| Mixed
| Later converted to a regiment of Horse
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Foot
| Sir Thomas Fairfax's Regiment
| Army of the Earl of Essex
| Originally the Earl of Essex's Regiment but contained some companies from the Eastern Association
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Foot
| [[Robert Hammond (English army officer)|Robert Hammond]]'s Regiment
| Army of the Eastern Association
| Originally intended for [[Lawrence Crawford (soldier)|Lawrence Crawford]], who refused to serve in the New Model Army
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Foot
| [[Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich|Edward Montagu]]'s Regiment{{refn|group=tablenote|name=House of Lords}}
| Army of the Eastern Association
| Montague withdrew from the Army when he was elected MP for Huntingdonshire in October 1645. Replaced by [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]].
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Foot
| [[John Pickering (soldier)|John Pickering's]] Regiment{{refn|group=tablenote|name=House of Commons}}
| Army of the Eastern Association
| Pickering died of an illness at Antre and was replaced by [[John Hewson (regicide)|John Hewson]] in December 1646.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Foot
| [[Thomas Rainsborough]]'s Regiment{{refn|group=tablenote|name=House of Commons}}
| Army of the Eastern Association
| Originally intended for Colonel Ayloff, who refused to serve in New Model Army.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Foot
| Sir [[Philip Skippon]]'s Regiment
| Army of the Earl of Essex
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Foot
| Richard Fortescue's Regiment
| Army of the Earl of Essex
| Fortescue replaced by [[John Barkstead]] in 1647. This regiment suffered the deaths of three successive lieutenant colonels in battle. It was unusual for such high-ranking officers to die.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Foot
| Edward Harley's Regiment
| Army of the Earl of Essex
| Originally intended for Colonel Harry Barclay, a Scottish colonel. Harley did not serve in 1645, as he was still recovering from wounds. Lieutenant Colonel [[Thomas Pride]] commanded in his absence, and succeeded to command in 1647.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Foot
| [[Richard Ingoldsby]]'s Regiment
| Army of the Earl of Essex
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Foot
| Walter Lloyd's Regiment
| Army of the Earl of Essex
| Originally intended for Colonel Edward Aldrich, who refused to command this particular regiment because it was composed of soldiers from many different precursor regiments. Lloyd died in battle in June 1645 and was replaced by William Herbert, who was in turn replaced by [[Robert Overton]] in 1647.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Foot
| [[Hardress Waller]]'s Regiment
| Army of the Southern Association
| Originally intended for Scottish colonel [[James Holborne of Menstrie#Major General Sir James Holborne in the Civil War|James Holborne]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Foot
| Ralph Weldon's Regiment
| Army of the Southern Association
| Originally the "Kentish Regiment". Weldon was replaced by [[Robert Lilburne]] in spring 1646 when Weldon was appointed governor of [[Plymouth]]. Weldon's Lieutenant Colonel, Nicholas Kempson, was passed over for promotion and undermined Lilburne's command.
|}

{{reflist|group=tablenote|refs=
{{refn|group=tablenote|name=House of Lords|a significant effort by the House of Lords to block appointment.}}
{{refn|group=tablenote|name=House of Commons|a significant effort by the House of Commons to block appointment.}}
}}