Editing News agency (section)

==History==
Only a few large newspapers could afford bureaus outside their home city; they relied instead on news agencies, especially [[Havas]] (founded 1835) in France—now known as [[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP)—and the [[Associated Press]] (founded 1846) in the United States. Former Havas employees founded [[Reuters Group|Reuters]] in 1851 in Britain and [[Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau|Wolff]] in 1849 in Germany.<ref>Jonathan Fenby, ''The International News Services'' (1986).</ref> In 1865, Reuter and Wolff signed agreements with Havas's sons, forming a cartel designating exclusive reporting zones for each of their agencies within Europe.<ref>[http://www.environmentalhistory.org/revcomm/timelines/ch7-telegraph/ "Ch 7 Telegraph"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801114401/http://www.environmentalhistory.org/revcomm/timelines/ch7-telegraph/|date=2013-08-01}}, ''Revolutions in Communication: Media history from Gutenberg to the digital age'' (2010). Retrieved February 12, 2013.</ref> For international news, the agencies pooled their resources, so that Havas, for example, covered the French Empire, South America and the Balkans and shared the news with the other national agencies. In France the typical contract with Havas provided a provincial newspaper with 1800 lines of telegraphed text daily, for an annual subscription rate of 10,000 francs. Other agencies provided features and fiction for their subscribers.<ref>Theodore Zeldin, ''France: 1848–1945'' (1977) 2: 538–539</ref>

In the 1830s, France had several specialized agencies. Agence Havas was founded in 1835 by a Parisian translator and advertising agent, [[Charles-Louis Havas]], to supply news about France to foreign customers. In the 1840s, Havas gradually incorporated other French agencies into his agency. Agence Havas evolved into [[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP).<ref>{{cite book |last=Broderick |first=James F. |author2=Darren W. Miller |title=Consider the source: A Critical Guide to 100 Prominent News and Information Sites on the Web |year=2007 |publisher=Information Today, Inc. |isbn=978-0-910965-77-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/considersourcecr0000brod/page/1 1] |url=https://archive.org/details/considersourcecr0000brod/page/1 }}</ref> Two of his employees, [[Bernhard Wolff]] and [[Paul Reuter|Paul Julius Reuter]], later set up rival news agencies, [[Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau]] in 1849 in Berlin and Reuters in 1851 in London. [[Guglielmo Stefani]] founded the [[Agenzia Stefani]], which became the most important press agency in [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy from the mid-19th century to World War II]], in [[Turin]] in 1853.

The development of the telegraph in the 1850s led to the creation of strong national agencies in England, Germany, Austria and the United States. But despite the efforts of governments, through telegraph laws such as in 1878 in France, inspired by the British [[Telegraph Act]] of 1869 which paved the way for the nationalisation of telegraph companies and their operations, the cost of telegraphy remained high.

In the United States, the judgment in ''Inter Ocean Publishing v. Associated Press'' facilitated competition by requiring agencies to accept all newspapers wishing to join. As a result of the increasing newspapers, the Associated Press was now challenged by the creation of [[United Press Associations]] in 1907 and [[International News Service]] by newspaper publisher [[William Randolph Hearst]] in 1909.

Driven by the huge U.S. domestic market, boosted by the runaway success of radio, all three major agencies required the dismantling of the "cartel agencies" through the Agreement of 26 August 1927. They were concerned about the success of U.S. agencies from other European countries which sought to create national agencies after the First World War. Reuters had been weakened by war censorship, which promoted the creation of newspaper cooperatives in the Commonwealth and national agencies in Asia, two of its strong areas.

After the Second World War, the movement for the creation of national agencies accelerated, when accessing the independence of former colonies, the national agencies were operated by the state. Reuters, became cooperative, managed a breakthrough in finance, and helped to reduce the number of U.S. agencies from three to one, along with the internationalization of the Spanish [[EFE]] and the globalization of Agence France-Presse.

In 1924, [[Benito Mussolini]] placed Agenzia Stefani under the direction of [[Manlio Morgagni]], who expanded the agency's reach significantly both within Italy and abroad. Agenzia Stefani was dissolved in 1945, and its technical structure and organization were transferred to the new [[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]] (ANSA). Wolffs was taken over by the Nazi regime in 1934.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reuters-baroness-idUSTRE50O1GV20090125 "Baroness Reuter, last link to news dynasty, dies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140639/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/25/us-reuters-baroness-idUSTRE50O1GV20090125 |date=2015-09-24 }}, Reuters, January 25, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2013.</ref> The [[German Press Agency]] (dpa) in Germany was founded as a co-operative in [[Goslar]] on 18 August 1949 and became a [[limited liability company]] in 1951. Fritz Sänger was the first [[editor-in-chief]]. He served as [[managing director]] until 1955 and as [[managing editor]] until 1959. The first transmission occurred at 6 a.m. on 1 September 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts and figures |url=https://www.dpa.com/en/company/facts-and-figures |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203194727/https://www.dpa.com/en/company/facts-and-figures/ |archive-date=2020-12-03 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=www.dpa.com}}</ref> 

Since the 1960s, the major agencies were provided with new opportunities in television and magazine, and news agencies delivered specialized production of images and photos, the demand for which is constantly increasing. In France, for example, they account for over two-thirds of national market.<ref name="SgDdai">{{Cite web |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/content/download/17387/file/Cchiffres08_4.pdf |title=« Statistiques d’entreprises des industries culturelles », par Valérie Deroin, Secrétariat général Délégation au développement et aux affaires internationales au sein du Département des études, de la prospective et des statistiques |access-date=2022-04-27 |archive-date=2022-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427021102/https://www.culture.gouv.fr/content/download/17387/file/Cchiffres08_4.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the 1980s, the four main news agencies, AFP, AP, UPI and Reuters, provided over 90% of foreign news printed by newspapers around the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=1981-06-01|title=The Big Four|url=https://newint.org/features/1981/06/01/four|access-date=2020-10-29|website=New Internationalist|language=en|archive-date=2020-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213171326/https://newint.org/features/1981/06/01/four|url-status=live}}</ref>