Editing Newton Heath (section)

==History==
{{Further|History of Manchester}}
[[File:All Saints' Church, Newton Heath, Manchester, England.jpg|thumb|left|All Saints' Church]]
'''All Saints Church'''

Newton Chapel, later becoming the Parish Church of All Saints Newton Heath began as early as 1556, a time of great turbulence religious upheaval (Mary 1st, King Henry VIII daughter was on the throne), the inhabitants being mainly Puritan in their sympathies. It was built of wattle and daub; the first of some 8 Chapels of Ease under the Manchester Collegiate Church (MCC), the nearest other Chapel of Ease being at Gorton (later at St James). Lands owned at Newton formed part of the historic estates of the MCC.

Newton Chapel stood on a wild heath, on the highest ground and on the site of the ancient Roman Road from Chester to Manchester (this road is what is now Briscoe Lane, Gaskell Street and on a straight line through to Roman Road, Failsworth), and on to York, at its junction with the roads connecting the townships of Moston and Droylsden. Close by is the road linking the townships of Manchester, Failsworth and Oldham.

Newton Chapel was rebuilt in 1598 and an old timber found in the rubble when rebuilding in 1814, was found to have a date of 1556 carved upon it, thus 1556 being the probable date of the first building.

The first permanent Curate at Newton Chapel (All Saints), was appointed in 1598, those before 1598 being clergy sent from the Manchester Collegiate Church. This 1598 chapel was built of oak stanchions and small branches, plastered with mud, and whitewashed. The gallery was reached by a stone stairway on the outside of the building. The floor of the chapel was bare earth, and being of clay was very cold. Rushes were strewn over the floor in winter, brought in by rush carts. There were stocks close to the chapel for the use of male offenders, and from the centre of the gallery projected a circular stall where female offenders were made to stand through services as penance.

In 1738, the mud walls were replaced by brick, and interior repairs were carried out. In 1795 the building was declared unsafe as a place of worship. On Sunday 1 May 1808 an anniversary service was held in the chapel and the next morning at 6.00am, the building finally collapsed. Apparently it had been repaired some 4 years earlier and the reason for the final collapse was said to be that the repairs had been made in the winter season. Services continued amidst the dereliction, as no effort towards rebuilding was made for another 5 years.

The present neo-classical gothic building of 1814 was built to a design by William Atkinson, architect, of Manchester. An Act of Parliament authorised £3500 (equivalent to approximately £280,000 as of November 2020), to be raised by church rates on the chapelry property, and a supplementary Act authorised a further £3300 (£250,000 - so in total £530,000), and pews were rented out to raise further money, The cracked bell from the old building was moved, to the new chapel of 1814 and in 1860 a new bell was installed. To show how exceptional All Saints Church is, please read below the Architects career, and it shows All Saints was his only design that was his from start to finish.
The building was extended by a chancel in 1879, a gift of John Taylor of Brookdale Hall, in memory of his wife, Anne. It was adorned with an alabaster reredos completed in 1881 with fine alabaster carved panels. The church underwent major re-reordering in the late 1960s, work that probably would not be granted permission these days. Portions of the north and south galleries were removed at the east end of the nave, pews removed, a nave altar installed; choir and clergy stalls removed from the chancel to the nave; the pulpit was removed and buried in the churchyard. The nave vault and galleries were painted monochrome replacing the Victorian polychromatic scheme. This has been described by Historic England as "heritage crime". The building is currently on the "At Risk Register" of Listed Buildings maintained by Historic England. Granted by Faculty, in 1980, the church received a mid-14th century font which arrived from Covenham St Bartholomew, near Louth, Lincs.

French [[Huguenots]] settled in the area in the 16th century to avoid continental [[persecution]], and brought [[spinning (textiles)|cotton]] and linen weaving and bleaching skills with them. The arrival of [[cotton mill|textile mills]] saw Newton Heath's [[cottage industry]] change forever into a fully mechanised mass production system – in 1825 Newton Silk Mill (which exists to this day) was built and the Monsall Silk Dye Works followed soon afterwards.

The [[Rochdale Canal]] made movement of [[raw materials]] and finished products a practical reality. Later came other industries, including a soap works, [[Elijah Dixon]]'s match manufacturing factory, and rope works as well as [[engineering]] and [[glass making]] works. Many small back-to-back low cost houses were built to house the new [[migrant worker|migrant]] work force. Thus was Newton changed irrevocably from a farming area into an industrial one.

The 18th century saw [[A62 road|Oldham Road (A62)]] turnpiked and a toll bar installed at Lambs Lane; this road still forms the main artery through the district. With the [[Industrial Revolution]], by the beginning of the 19th century the Rochdale Canal had been constructed and this brought industry and creeping [[urbanisation]] to the district. During the 19th century the local population increased nearly 20 fold.

From 10 February 1883 until the [[Slum clearance in the United Kingdom|slum clearance]]s of the 1970s there was a [[Salvation Army]] corps on Thorp Road.

===Industrial history===
Newton Heath was home to a number of famous companies such as [[Mather & Platt]], who established a vast engineering works producing pumps, electrical machinery and fire sprinkler systems. The aircraft manufacturer [[Avro]] was also based in Newton Heath before relocating to sites at [[Chadderton]] and [[Woodford, Greater Manchester|Woodford]]. Another local engineering company was [[Heenan & Froude]], who designed and manufactured the structural steelwork for [[Blackpool Tower]].

P. Frankenstein and Sons Ltd., a manufacturer of experimental rubberized fabrics and supplier of [[life vest]]s to the [[Royal Air Force]], had their head offices at Victoria Rubber Works, Culcheth lane on Stansfield street.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/how-frankenstein-helped-put-a-man-979341 | title=How Frankenstein helped put a man on the moon | date=15 February 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3222700A/en | title=Inflatable liferafts }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=A brief history of flying clothing | url=https://www.aerosociety.com/media/4847/a-brief-history-of-flying-clothing.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401121044/https://www.aerosociety.com/media/4847/a-brief-history-of-flying-clothing.pdf | archive-date=2018-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F218276 | title=The Discovery Service }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/ap14287/p-frankenstein-sons-ltd | title=P Frankenstein & Sons Ltd &#124; Science Museum Group Collection }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/from-manchester-to-the-moon/ | title=From Manchester to the Moon &#124; Science and Industry Museum | date=8 March 2018 }}</ref> The company also owned its [[Survitec Group|RFD Beaufort Ltd]] division in [[Birkenhead]].

The Wilson's & Co brewery on Monsall Road was founded in 1834. The company merged with rival brewer Walker & Homfrays in 1949. Wilson's and its estate of tied houses were acquired by [[Watney Mann]] in 1960. Wilson's brewery closed in 1987 when production was moved to [[Webster's Brewery]], [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]].

===Manchester United===
The parish was the birthplace of the Newton Heath Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Football Club which was established in 1878 and later became [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]. It began life as a football team formed by [[Frederick Attock]] a Liverpudlian, who was a superintendent engineer of the [[Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway]] (L&YR). The team played on a pitch at [[North Road (football ground)|North Road]], and were initially outfitted in green and gold jerseys. By 1892, they had been admitted to [[the Football League]]. The club remained in the area until 1893, when it moved to new premises at [[Bank Street (football ground)|Bank Street]] in nearby [[Clayton, Greater Manchester|Clayton]]. The name was changed to Manchester United Football Club in 1902.

Newton Heath FC's biggest successes prior to the name change, were its election to the [[Football League First Division|First Division]] on its expansion in 1892 and winning the [[Lancashire Senior Cup|Lancashire Cup]] in 1898.

===FC United of Manchester===
Ten Acres Lane was the proposed site of a new 5,000-capacity stadium for [[F.C. United of Manchester]] which the club intended to move into in time for the start of the 2012–13 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manchestermule.com/article/fc-united-gets-thumbs-up-for-newton-heath-stadium |title=» FC United gets thumbs up for Newton Heath stadium - MULE |website=manchestermule.com |date=27 November 2010 |access-date=11 April 2014 }}</ref>

Manchester City Council gave planning permission for the stadium on 25 November 2010. However, due to local government funding cuts, the project was halted at the planning stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fc-utd.co.uk/story.php?story_id=3458 |title=FC United of Manchester - Ten Acres Lane Council Statement & Update |website=fc-utd.co.uk |date=9 June 2011 |access-date=11 April 2014 }}</ref> Manchester City Council were forced to review their offer and the existing Ten Acres Lane site is now to be developed for other purposes. F.C. United instead moved into a partnership arrangement with Moston Juniors Football Club, building a new stadium, [[Broadhurst Park]], in nearby [[Moston, Manchester|Moston]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/building-work-finally-begins-fc-6285212 |title=Building work finally begins on FC United's new stadium |publisher=Manchester Evening News |date=8 November 2013 |access-date=11 April 2014 }}</ref>