Editing Nicholas of Lyra (section)

==Biography==
Rumors from the fifteenth century that Nicholas was born into a [[Judaism|religiously-Jewish]] family have been dismissed by some modern scholars. For example, Deanna Copeland Klepper cites that "as his fifteenth-century critic, Bishop [[Paul of Burgos]] (a converted Jew himself) noted, Nicolas’s knowledge of Hebrew and rabbinic interpretation was too limited to reflect a Jewish upbringing."<ref>Deeana Copeland Klepper. ''The Insight of Unbelievers: Nicholas of Lyra and Christian reading of Jewish text in the later Middle Ages''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press: 2007, p.8.</ref>

In 1291, he entered the [[Franciscan order]] in the convent of [[Verneuil-sur-Avre]]. He was a doctor at the [[Collège de Sorbonne|Sorbonne]] by 1309 and ten years later was appointed the head of all Franciscans in [[France]]. His major work, ''Postillae perpetuae in universam S. Scripturam,'' was the first printed commentary on the Bible.  Printed in [[Rome]] in 1471, it was later available in [[Venice]], [[Basel]], and elsewhere. In it, each page of biblical text was printed in the upper center of the page and embedded in a surrounding commentary (''illustration, right'').  His ''Postilla super totam Bibliam'' was published by [[Johannes Mentelin]] of Strasbourg in 1472.

Nicolas of Lyra's approach to explicating Scripture was firmly based on the literal sense, which for him is the foundation of all mystical or allegorical or anagogical expositions. He deplored the tortured and elaborated readings being given to Scripture in his time. The textual basis was so important that he urged that errors be corrected with reference to Hebrew texts, an early glimmer of techniques of [[textual criticism]], though Nicholas recognized the authoritative value of the Church's Tradition:
{{blockquote|I protest that I do not intend to assert or determine anything that has not been manifestly determined by Sacred Scripture or by the authority of the Church... Wherefore I submit all I have said or shall say to the correction of Holy Mother Church and of all learned men... (Second Prologue to ''Postillae'').}}

Nicholas utilized all sources available to him, fully mastered Hebrew and drew copiously from [[Rashi]] and other [[Rabbinic literature#Meforshim|rabbinic]] commentaries, the ''Pugio Fidei'' of [[Raymond Martini]] and of course the commentaries of [[Thomas Aquinas]]. His lucid and concise exposition, his soundly-based observations made ''Postillae'' the most-consulted manual of exegesis until the 16th century. [[Martin Luther]] depended upon it. He used his commentaries extensively in his own work on the [[book of Genesis]], "Lectures on Genesis".<ref>''Luther's Works'', vol. 1-8.</ref> He also highly praised his works in the [[Table Talk (Luther)|Table Talk]].<ref>''[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/luther/tabletalk.html <cite>Table Talk</cite>]'', DXXXIV.</ref> When E.&nbsp;A. Gosselin compiled a listing of the printed editions of works by Nicolaus de Lyra, it ran to 27 pages (in ''Traditio 26'' (1970), pp 399–426).

He was born in the village of [[La Vieille-Lyre]], [[Normandy]], hence his name.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Dammen McAuliffe |first1= Jane |last2= Walfish |first2= Barry D. |last3= Goering |first3= Joseph W. |date= 2010-09-14 |title= With Reverence for the Word: Medieval Scriptural Exegesis in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZC1_dJ8m6sC&pg=PA230\ |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |page= 230 |isbn= 978-0199890187}}</ref> Like others in the 14th century, he was occupied by the possibility of the [[Conversion of the Jews (future event)|conversion of the Jews]], to whom he dedicated hortatory addresses. He wrote ''Pulcherrimae quaestiones Iudaicam perfidiam in catholicam fide improbantes'', which was one of the sources [[Martin Luther]] used in his ''[[On the Jews and Their Lies (Martin Luther)|On the Jews and Their Lies]]''.