Editing Nicotine (section)

==Uses==
===Medical===
{{See also|Nicotine replacement therapy}}<!-- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK195719/ -->
[[Image:Nicoderm.JPG|thumb|right|A [[nicotine patch]] applied to the left arm. The [[Cochrane Collaboration]] finds that [[nicotine replacement therapy]] increases a quitter's chance of success by {{nowrap|50–60%}}, regardless of setting.<ref name="Cochrane NRT 2018" />]]

The primary [[Pharmacotherapy|therapeutic use]] of nicotine is treating nicotine dependence to eliminate [[smoking]] and the damage it does to health. Controlled levels of nicotine are given to patients through [[nicotine gum|gums]], [[nicotine patches|dermal patches]], lozenges, inhalers, or nasal sprays to wean them off their dependence. A 2018 [[Cochrane Collaboration]] review found high-quality evidence that all current forms of nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch, lozenges, inhaler, and nasal spray) increase the chances of successfully quitting smoking by {{nowrap|50–60%}}, regardless of setting.<ref name="Cochrane NRT 2018" />

Combining [[nicotine patch]] use with a faster acting nicotine replacement, like gum or spray, improves the odds of treatment success.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Fanshawe TR, Bullen C, Hartmann-Boyce J, Livingstone-Banks J, Hajizadeh A, Lindson N | title = Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2023 | issue = 6 | pages = CD013308 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37335995 | pmc = 10278922 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD013308.pub2 }}</ref>

In contrast to recreational nicotine products, which have been designed to maximize the likelihood of addiction, nicotine replacement products (NRTs) are designed to minimize addictiveness.<ref name="SGUS2014" />{{rp|112}} The more quickly a dose of nicotine is delivered and absorbed, the higher the addiction risk.<ref name="Parrott2015" />

===Pesticide===
Nicotine has been used as an [[insecticide]] since at least 1690, in the form of tobacco extracts or as pure nicotine sulphate<ref name="Ujvary" /><ref name=neonic_mechanisms>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tomizawa M, Casida JE | title = Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: mechanisms of selective action | journal = Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology | volume = 45 | pages = 247–68 | date = 2005 | pmid = 15822177 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The chemical components of tobacco and tobacco smoke |vauthors=Rodgman A, Perfetti TA |publisher=CRC Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4200-7883-1 |place=Boca Raton, FL |lccn=2008018913}}{{page needed|date=December 2013}}</ref> (although other components of tobacco also seem to have pesticide effects).<ref name=modern_pesticide>{{cite web |title=Tobacco and its evil cousin nicotine are good as a pesticide – American Chemical Society |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2010/acs-presspac-october-27-2010/tobacco-and-its-evil-cousin-nicotine-are-good-as-a-pesticide.html |website=American Chemical Society |access-date=29 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It acts on the [[nicotinic acetylcholine receptor]], and gave the receptor its name. Nicotine is in [[Insecticide Resistance Action Committee#Table of modes of action and classes of insecticide|IRAC]] group 4B. Nicotine insecticides have been banned in the US since 2014,<ref name=epacancel2>{{cite journal|author=USEPA|title=Nicotine; Product Cancellation Order|journal=Federal Register|pages=26695–26696|url=https://federalregister.gov/a/E9-12561|date=3 June 2009|access-date=8 April 2012}}</ref> including use on organic crops,<ref name=prohibited_dust>US Code of Federal Regulations. [https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/205.602 7 CFR 205.602 – Nonsynthetic substances prohibited for use in organic crop production]</ref> and caution is recommended for small gardeners.<ref name="homemade_pesticide">{{cite web | vauthors = Tharp C |title=Safety for Homemade Remedies for Pest Control |url=http://www.pesticides.montana.edu/documents/mt-pesticide-bulletins/2009_05_MPB.pdf |website=Montana Pesticide Bulletin |publisher=Montana State University |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=5 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905021334/http://www.pesticides.montana.edu/news/Bulletins/MT%20Pest%20Bulletin-May.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2014 }}</ref> Nicotine pesticides have been banned in the EU since 2009.<ref name=pesticide_contam/> Foods are imported from countries in which nicotine pesticides are allowed, such as China, but foods may not exceed maximum nicotine levels.<ref name=pesticide_contam>{{cite journal | vauthors = Michalski B, Herrmann M, Solecki R | title = [How does a pesticide residue turn into a contaminant?] | language = de | journal = Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz | volume = 60 | issue = 7 | pages = 768–773 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28508955 | doi = 10.1007/s00103-017-2556-3| s2cid = 22662492 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=European Food Safety Authority|title=Potential risks for public health due to the presence of nicotine in wild mushrooms |journal=EFSA Journal |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=286r |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2009.286r |date=7 May 2009|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Neonicotinoids]], such as [[imidacloprid]], which are derived from and structurally similar to nicotine, are widely used as agricultural and veterinary pesticides as of 2016.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abreu-Villaça Y, Levin ED | title = Developmental neurotoxicity of succeeding generations of insecticides | journal = Environment International | volume = 99 | pages = 55–77 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 27908457 | pmc = 5285268 | doi = 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.019 | bibcode = 2017EnInt..99...55A }}</ref><ref name=neonic_mechanisms/>

===Performance===
Nicotine-containing products are sometimes used for the [[performance-enhancing substance|performance-enhancing]] effects of nicotine on cognition.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Valentine G, Sofuoglu M | title = Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress | journal = Current Neuropharmacology | publisher = Bentham Science Publishers | date=May 2018 | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 403–414 | doi=10.2174/1570159X15666171103152136 | pmid = 29110618| pmc = 6018192 }}</ref> A 2010 meta-analysis of 41&nbsp;[[double-blind]], [[placebo]]-controlled studies concluded that nicotine or smoking had significant positive effects on aspects of fine motor abilities, alerting and orienting attention, and episodic and working memory.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heishman SJ, Kleykamp BA, Singleton EG | title = Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 210 | issue = 4 | pages = 453–69 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20414766 | pmc = 3151730 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-010-1848-1 }}</ref> A 2015 review noted that stimulation of the [[α4β2 nicotinic receptor]] is responsible for certain improvements in attentional performance;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sarter M | title = Behavioral-Cognitive Targets for Cholinergic Enhancement | journal = Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences | volume = 4 | pages = 22–26 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 28607947 | pmc = 5466806 | doi = 10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.004 }}</ref> among the [[nicotinic receptor]] subtypes, nicotine has the highest [[binding affinity]] at the α4β2 receptor (k<sub>i</sub>=1&nbsp;{{abbr|nM|nanomolar}}), which is also the biological target that mediates nicotine's [[addictive]] properties.<ref name="Nicotine IUPHAR">{{cite web|title=Nicotine: Biological activity|url=http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=biology&ligandId=2585|website=IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology|publisher=International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|access-date=7 February 2016|quote=K<sub>i</sub>s as follows; α2β4=9900nM [5], α3β2=14nM [1], α3β4=187nM [1], α4β2=1nM [4,6]. Due to the heterogeneity of nACh channels we have not tagged a primary drug target for nicotine, although the α4β2 is reported to be the predominant high affinity subtype in the brain which mediates nicotine addiction}}</ref> Nicotine has potential beneficial effects, but it also has [[paradoxical reaction|paradoxical effects]], which may be due to the [[Yerkes–Dodson law|inverted U-shape of the dose-response curve]] or [[pharmacokinetic]] features.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Majdi A, Kamari F, Vafaee MS, Sadigh-Eteghad S | title = Revisiting nicotine's role in the ageing brain and cognitive impairment | journal = Reviews in the Neurosciences | volume = 28 | issue = 7 | pages = 767–781 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28586306 | doi = 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0008 | s2cid = 3758298 | url = https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/140909555/Revisiting_nicotine_s_role_in_the_ageing_brain_and_cognitive_impairment.pdf }}</ref>

===Recreational===
Nicotine is used as a [[recreational drug]].<ref name=UbanHorton2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Uban KA, Horton MK, Jacobus J, Heyser C, Thompson WK, Tapert SF, Madden PA, Sowell ER | title = Biospecimens and the ABCD study: Rationale, methods of collection, measurement and early data | journal = Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience | volume = 32 | pages = 97–106 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29606560 | pmc = 6487488 | doi = 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.005 }}</ref> It is widely used, highly addictive and hard to discontinue.<ref name="Siqueira2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Siqueira LM | title = Nicotine and Tobacco as Substances of Abuse in Children and Adolescents | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 139 | issue = 1 | pages = e20163436 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27994114 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2016-3436 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Nicotine is often [[addiction|used compulsively]],<ref name=addictive>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stolerman IP, Jarvis MJ | title = The scientific case that nicotine is addictive | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 117 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–10; discussion 14–20 | date = January 1995 | pmid = 7724697 | doi = 10.1007/BF02245088 | s2cid = 8731555 }}</ref> and [[substance dependence|dependence]] can develop within days.<ref name=addictive/><ref name="Wilder2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/nicotine-without-smoke-tobacco-harm-reduction-0|title=Nicotine without smoke: Tobacco harm reduction | vauthors = Wilder N, Daley C, Sugarman J, Partridge J |date=April 2016 |publisher=Royal College of Physicians |location=UK |pages=58, 125}}</ref><!--no access to fulltext of former, but cited by latter source and seems more reliable than same--> Recreational drug users commonly use nicotine for its mood-altering effects.<ref name=Parrott2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Parrott AC | title = Why all stimulant drugs are damaging to recreational users: an empirical overview and psychobiological explanation | journal = Human Psychopharmacology | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 213–24 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26216554 | doi = 10.1002/hup.2468 | s2cid = 7408200 }}</ref> Recreational nicotine products include [[chewing tobacco]], [[cigars]],<ref name=ElSayedSylvester2007/> [[cigarettes]],<ref name=ElSayedSylvester2007/> [[e-cigarettes]],<ref name=Rahman2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rahman MA, Hann N, Wilson A, Worrall-Carter L | title = Electronic cigarettes: patterns of use, health effects, use in smoking cessation and regulatory issues | journal = Tobacco Induced Diseases | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | page = 21 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25745382 | pmc = 4350653 | doi = 10.1186/1617-9625-12-21 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Snuff (tobacco)|snuff]], [[pipe smoking|pipe tobacco]],<ref name=ElSayedSylvester2007>{{cite journal | vauthors = El Sayed KA, Sylvester PW | title = Biocatalytic and semisynthetic studies of the anticancer tobacco cembranoids | journal = Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs | volume = 16 | issue = 6 | pages = 877–87 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17501699 | doi = 10.1517/13543784.16.6.877 | s2cid = 21302112 }}</ref> [[snus]], and [[nicotine pouch]]es.

[[Alcohol (drug)|Alcohol]] infused with nicotine is called [[nicotini]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2003: The 3rd Annual Year In Ideas; Nicotini, The |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/14/magazine/2003-the-3rd-annual-year-in-ideas-nicotini-the.html |website=www.nytimes.com |date=14 December 2003 |publisher=The New York Times Magazine |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527232744/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/14/magazine/2003-the-3rd-annual-year-in-ideas-nicotini-the.html |archive-date=27 May 2015 |url-status=live | vauthors = Sella M }}</ref>