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Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin
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== Rule of Poland == Born in [[Saint Petersburg]], Prince Repnin served in the [[Military history of Imperial Russia|Imperial Army]] under his father, Prince [[Vasily Anikitovich Repnin]], during the [[Rhine Campaign of 1748]], and subsequently resided for some time abroad, where he acquired "a thoroughly sound [[German language|German]] education." He also participated, in a subordinate capacity, in the [[Seven Years' War]]. In 1763, [[List of Russian rulers|Emperor]] [[Peter III of Russia|Peter III]] sent him to [[Prussia]] as ambassador. The same year, [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine]] transferred him to [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]] as [[minister plenipotentiary]]; in [[Warsaw]] he was rumored to have had an affair with [[Izabela Fleming]] (and to have fathered [[Adam Jerzy Czartoryski]]).<ref name="LeDonne, p.210">LeDonne, p.210</ref> Due to the level of Russian control of the Polish government, Repnin was the effective ruler of the country,<ref>Harcourt Brace, note to Casanova, p.356; Ritter, p.189</ref> with special instructions to form a pro-Russian faction from among the various [[Protestantism|Protestants]], who were to receive equal rights with the [[Roman Catholicism in Poland|Catholics]]. Repnin believed that the Protestants were not significant enough to benefit Russia; at the same time, the Protestant community itself [[petition]]ed Empress Catherine, requesting not to be involved. In order to further Russian interests, he encouraged the creation of two Protestant ''[[konfederacja|confederation]]s'' (of [[Sluck]] and [[Toruń]]) and later, a Catholic one (the [[Radom Confederation]], led by [[Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł]]).<ref name="Butterwick, p.169">Butterwick, p.169</ref> According to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]]'', Repnin's correspondence reveals that he disliked the type of politics he was required to engage in. Nevertheless, he obeyed his instructions, and used various means to force the 1767–68 [[Sejm]] (the "[[Repnin Sejm]]") to concede all points in dispute.<ref name="Butterwick, p.169"/> Before the Sejm, he ordered the capture and exile to [[Kaluga]] of some vocal opponents of his policies<ref>de Madariaga {{full citation needed|date=April 2014}}</ref> — [[Józef Andrzej Załuski]]<ref>Harcourt Brace, note to Casanova, p.528</ref> and [[Wacław Rzewuski]]. The immediate result was the formation of the [[Bar Confederation]], which practically demolished the ambassador's strategy.<ref>Butterwick, p.170</ref>
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