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Nikolay Zhukovsky (scientist)
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==Life== Zhukovsky was born in the village of Orekhovo, [[List of governorates of the Russian Empire|Vladimir]] [[Governorate (Russia)|Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]. In 1868 he graduated from [[Moscow State University|Moscow University]] where he studied under [[August Davidov]]. From 1872 he was a professor at the [[Moscow State Technical University|Imperial Technical School]]. In 1904, he established the world's first Aerodynamic Institute in Kachino near [[Moscow]]. He was influenced by both [[Ernst Mach]] and his son [[Ludwig Mach]].<ref name="Mach L&W">{{cite book|last1=Blackmore|first1=John T.|title=Ernst Mach; His Work, Life, and Influence|date=1972|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520018495|url=https://archive.org/details/ernstmachhiswork0000blac|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/ernstmachhiswork0000blac/page/235 235]|quote=ernst mach Karl Lueger.|access-date=16 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> From 1918 he was the head of [[TsAGI]] (Central AeroHydroDynamics Institute). [[File:Nikolay Zhukovsky.jpg|left|thumb|Collected paper Nikolay Zhukovsky. Theoretical basis aeronautics.]] [[File:Zhukovskij marka SSSR 1963.jpg|thumb|left| Stamp from the USSR Aviation series 1963 dedicated to Zhukovsky (CFA 2915, Scott 2774)]] Zhukovsky was the first scientist to explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic [[lift (force)|lift]], through his [[circulation (fluid dynamics)|circulation]] hypothesis, the first to establish that the lift force generated by a body moving through an ideal fluid is proportional to the velocity and the circulation around the body. He is credited with the [[Joukowsky airfoil]] - an ideal shape of the aerodynamic profile having as essential elements a rounded nose (leading edge), double surface (finite thickness), [[Camber (aerodynamics)|cambered]] or symmetrical, and a sharp tail (trailing edge). He built the first [[wind tunnel]] in Russia. He was also responsible for the eponymous [[water hammer]] equation used by civil engineers. He published a derivation for the maximum energy obtainable from a turbine in 1920, at the same time as German scientist [[Albert Betz]].<ref>Gijs A.M. van Kuik, [http://www.tudelft.nl/live/ServeBinary?id=5b6d6215-c7cd-4867-9712-e4c9d74ed533&binary=/doc/The%20Lancheste%20Betz%20Joukowsky%20limit%20WE10-3%20GvK.pdf ''The Lanchester-Betz-Joukowsky Limit''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609032218/http://www.tudelft.nl/live/ServeBinary?id=5b6d6215-c7cd-4867-9712-e4c9d74ed533&binary=%2Fdoc%2FThe%20Lancheste%20Betz%20Joukowsky%20limit%20WE10-3%20GvK.pdf|date=June 9, 2011}}, Wind Energ. 2007; 10:289β291</ref> This is known controversially as [[Betz's law]], as this result was also derived by British scientist [[Frederick W. Lanchester]]. This is a famous example of [[Stigler's law of eponymy]]. In December 1918 at Zhukovsky's proposal and with his active participation, the Soviet government founded the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI), of which he became the first head. At the same time, theoretical courses for military pilots were founded, later transformed into the Moscow Aviation Technical College. The Institute of Engineers of the Red Air Fleet was established on its base in 1920, and in May 1922 it became the [[Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy|Air Force Engineering Academy]] named after Zhukovsky. [[File:Tomb in Cemetery in Donskoy Monastery 11.jpg|thumb|The graves of Nikolai Egorovich, Elena and Sergei Zhukovsky]] Zhukovsky died in [[Moscow]] in 1921.
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