Editing No Fly List (section)

==History==
Before the [[attacks of September 11, 2001]], the U.S. federal government had a list of 16 people deemed "no transport" because they "presented a specific known or suspected threat to aviation."<ref name=donohue254>{{cite book |first=Laura K. |last=Donohue |title=The Cost of Counterterrorism: Power, Politics, and Liberty |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year= 2008 | pages=254–255}}</ref><ref name="attachA-Part1">{{cite web |url=http://www.aclunc.org/cases/landmark_cases/asset_upload_file371_3549.pdf |title="TSA Watch Lists, December 2002" (PDF), a PowerPoint presentation by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Transportation Security Intelligence Service. Entered into public record as Attachment A, Part 1, during Gordon v. FBI, 2003. |access-date=December 27, 2007 |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716144311/http://www.aclunc.org/cases/landmark_cases/asset_upload_file371_3549.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The list grew in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks, reaching more than 400 names by November 2001, when responsibility for keeping it was transferred to the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA).<ref name="attachA-Part1"/> In mid-December 2001, two lists were created: the "No Fly List" of 594 people to be denied air transport, and the "[[Secondary Security Screening Selection|Selectee]]" list of 365 people who were to be more carefully searched at airports.<ref name=donohue254/><ref name="attachA-Part1"/> By 2002, the two lists combined contained over a thousand names, and by April 2005 contained about {{formatnum:70000}} names.<ref name=donohue254/> For the first two and a half years of the program, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and [[Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) denied that the program existed.<ref name=donohue254/>

In 2004, then-U.S. Senator [[Edward Kennedy]] was denied boarding a flight because his name was similar to an alias found on the No Fly List.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kehaulani Goo |first1=Sara |title=Sen. Kennedy Flagged by No-Fly List |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17073-2004Aug19.html |access-date=October 7, 2018 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=August 20, 2004 |page=A01 |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917060447/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17073-2004Aug19.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Laura K. Donohue would later write in ''The Cost of Counterterrorism: Power, Politics, and Liberty'' that "antiwar activists, such as Jan Adams and Rebecca Gordan, and political opponents of the Bush administration, such as Senator Edward Kennedy and civil rights attorney [[David D. Cole|David Cole]], found themselves included."<ref name=donohue254/> In June 2016, Timothy Healy, the former director of the FBI [[Terrorist Screening Center]], disputed the claim that Kennedy had ever appeared on the list, saying that another person with a similar name—who had accidentally tried to bring ammunition on to a plane—was placed on an airline's watch list and Kennedy was mistakenly detained by the airline, not based on the No Fly List.<ref>[[C-SPAN]], Washington Journal, June 25, 2016, ~9:01 a.m.</ref> In October 2006, [[CBS News]]' ''[[60 Minutes]]'' reported on the program after it obtained a March 2006 copy of the list containing {{formatnum:44000}} names.<ref name="Kroft2006">{{cite news |first1=Steve |last1=Kroft |author-link=Steve Kroft |first2=Ira |last2=Rosen |title=Unlikely Terrorists On No-Fly List |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/unlikely-terrorists-on-no-fly-list/ |work=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=October 8, 2006 |access-date=December 16, 2006 |archive-date=October 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028235541/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/05/60minutes/main2066624.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many individuals were "caught in the system" as a result of sharing the exact or similar name of another person on the list;<ref name=donohue254/> TSA officials said that, as of November 2005, {{formatnum:30000}} people in 2005 had complained that their names were matched to a name on the list via the name matching software used by airlines.<ref name="ACLU20060124">{{cite press release |title=TSA and FBI Ordered to Pay ${{formatnum:200000}} to Settle "No Fly" Lawsuit |publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] |date=January 24, 2006 |url=https://www.aclu.org/news/tsa-and-fbi-ordered-pay-200000-settle-no-fly-lawsuit |access-date=May 24, 2015 |archive-date=September 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908212323/https://www.aclu.org/news/tsa-and-fbi-ordered-pay-200000-settle-no-fly-lawsuit |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2006, the FBI and [[ACLU]] settled a federal lawsuit, ''Gordon v. FBI'', brought by Gordon and Adams under the [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] in order to obtain information about how names were added to the list.<ref name="ACLU20060124"/> Under the settlement, the government paid $200,000 in the plaintiffs' attorneys' fees.<ref>Associated Press, [http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/feds-to-pay-aclu-200000-to-settle-no-fly-list-dispute Feds to pay ACLU $200,000 to settle no-fly list dispute] {{webarchive|url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20140329142106/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/feds-to-pay-aclu-200000-to-settle-no-fly-list-dispute |date=March 29, 2014 }} (January 25, 2006).</ref> A separate suit was brought as a [[class action]] "filed by people caught in the name game."<ref name=donohue254/>  In response, "TSA created an [[ombudsman]] process, whereby individuals now can download and print out a Passenger Identity Verification Form and mail it, along with certain notarized documents, to the TSA 'so the agency can differentiate the individual from others who may be on the list.'"<ref name=donohue254/>

In April 2007, the U.S. federal government's "terrorist watch list" administered by the [[Terrorist Screening Center]] (which is managed principally by the FBI)<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/nsb/tsc/tsc_mission |title=FBI — TSC Vision & Mission |date=August 10, 2010 |work=Terrorist Screening Center |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=November 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108233702/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/nsb/tsc/tsc_mission |archive-date=November 8, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> contained {{formatnum:700000}} records.<ref>{{cite news |title=Justice Department report tells of flaws in terrorist watch list |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/09/06/terror.watchlist/ |publisher=CNN |date=September 6, 2007 |access-date=December 25, 2007 |quote="As of April 2007, the terrorist watch list, which consolidated more than a dozen federal agency terror lists, contained {{formatnum:700000}} records, and the database continues to increase by an average of more than 20,000 records each month, the report states." |archive-date=January 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116001618/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/09/06/terror.watchlist/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A year later, the [[ACLU]] estimated the list to have grown to over {{formatnum:1000000}} names and to be continually expanding.<ref name=latimes>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/presidentbush/2008/07/terrorist-watch.html |title=Terrorist watch list at airports tops 1 million names |work=Los Angeles Times |first=Johanna |last=Neuman |date=July 15, 2008 |access-date=July 20, 2008 |archive-date=May 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519183514/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/presidentbush/2008/07/terrorist-watch.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-03-10-watchlist_N.htm |title=Terrorist watch list hits 1 million |work=USA Today |access-date=December 22, 2013 |first=Peter |last=Eisler |date=March 10, 2009 |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917125714/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-03-10-watchlist_N.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/31/AR2009103102141.html |title=1,600 are suggested daily for FBI's list |first=Walter |last=Pincus |date=November 1, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319162954/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/31/AR2009103102141.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, according to Homeland Security secretary [[Michael Chertoff]], in October 2008 the No Fly List contained only {{formatnum:2500}} names, with an additional {{formatnum:16000}} "selectees" who "represent a less specific security threat and receive extra scrutiny, but are allowed to fly."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TRAVEL/10/22/no.fly.lists/index.html |publisher=CNN |title=Terrorist watch lists shorter than previously reported |date=October 22, 2008 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126175808/http://www.cnn.com/2008/TRAVEL/10/22/no.fly.lists/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 2011, the list contained about 10,000 names.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/01/26/133187841/the-no-fly-list-fbi-says-its-smaller-than-you-think |title=The No-Fly List: FBI Says It's Smaller Than You Think |first=Jamie |last=Tarabay |date=January 26, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126045507/https://www.npr.org/2011/01/26/133187841/the-no-fly-list-fbi-says-its-smaller-than-you-think |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2011/02/no-fly_lists |title=How the American no-fly list applies outside America |author=A.H. |date=February 21, 2011 |newspaper=The Economist |publisher=The Economist Newspaper Limited |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=March 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328224517/http://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2011/02/no-fly_lists |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, the list more than doubled in size, to about 21,000 names as the list now included people who were a threat to security outside aviation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/ap-exclusive-us-no-fly-list-doubles-in-1-year/ |title=US No-Fly list doubles in 1 year |date=February 2, 2012 |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=July 17, 2013 |archive-date=December 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209002338/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/02/02/ap-exclusive-us-no-fly-list-doubles-in-1-year/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=No-fly list doubles in a year - now 21,000 names |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/no-fly-list-doubles-in-a-year-now-21000-names/ |date=2012-02-02 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> In August 2013, a leak revealed that more than 47,000 people were on the list.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aclu.org/national-security/first-government-officially-tells-aclu-clients-their-no-fly-list-status |title=In First, Government Officially Tells ACLU Clients Their No Fly List Status |date=October 10, 2014 |publisher=[[ACLU]] |access-date=November 27, 2014 |archive-date=November 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126003434/https://www.aclu.org/national-security/first-government-officially-tells-aclu-clients-their-no-fly-list-status |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto"/> In 2016, California Senator Dianne Feinstein disclosed that 81,000 people were on the No Fly List.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=NCTC TSC Numbers to Congress|url=https://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/f/b/fb745343-1dbb-4802-a866-cfdfa300a5ad/BCD664419E5B375C638A0F250B37DCB2.nctc-tsc-numbers-to-congress-06172016-nctc-tsc-final.pdf|url-status=live|website=feinstein.senate.gov|access-date=August 5, 2021|archive-date=September 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914005247/https://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/f/b/fb745343-1dbb-4802-a866-cfdfa300a5ad/BCD664419E5B375C638A0F250B37DCB2.nctc-tsc-numbers-to-congress-06172016-nctc-tsc-final.pdf}}</ref>

There is a huge, secretive US anti-terrorism database for Canada specifically, "Tuscan" (Tipoff US/Canada), revealed by Canada's access to information system. The database is used by both the US and Canada, and applies to all borders, not just airports. It is believed to contain information on about 680,000 people thought to be linked with terrorism. The list was created in 1997 as a consular aid. It was repurposed and expanded after 9/11, and again in 2016. The names in Tuscan come from the US [[Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment]] (Tide), which is vetted by the FBI's [[Terrorist Screening Center]] and populates various US traveller databases, Canada's Tuscan and the Australian equivalent, "Tactics".<ref name=tuscan/>