Editing Norman language (section)

==History==
{{Further|Old Norman}}

When [[Norsemen|Norse]] [[Vikings]] from modern day [[Scandinavia]] arrived in [[Neustria]], in the western part of the then [[Kingdom of the Franks]], and settled the land that became known as Normandy, these [[North Germanic languages|North-Germanic]]–speaking people came to live among a local [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]]–speaking population.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Norman |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Norman-people |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=22 July 2020 |quote=Norman, member of those Vikings, or Norsemen, who settled in northern France...The Normans (from Nortmanni: "Northmen") were originally pagan barbarian pirates from Denmark, Norway, and Iceland |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324074550/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Norman-people |url-status=live }}</ref> In time, the communities converged, so that ''Normandy'' continued to form the name of the region while the original Norsemen were largely assimilated by the Gallo-Romance people, adopting their speech but still contributing some elements from [[Old Norse]] language and Norse culture. Later, when conquering England, the Norman rulers in England would eventually assimilate, thereby adopting the speech of the local English.<ref>{{Citation |last=Thomas |first=Hugh M. |title=A Chronology of Assimilation |date=2003-04-10 |work=The English and the Normans: Ethnic Hostility, Assimilation, and Identity 1066-c.1220 |pages=0 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/25696/chapter-abstract/193170293?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2025-04-08 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-925123-0}}</ref> In both cases, the elites contributed elements of their own language to the newly enriched languages that developed in the territories.

In Normandy, the Norman language inherited only some 150 words from Old Norse.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Elisabeth Ridel|title=Les Vikings et les mots|publisher=Editions Errance|year=2010}}</ref> The influence on [[phonology]] is disputed, although it is argued that the retention of aspirated {{IPAslink|h}} and {{IPAslink|k}} in Norman is due to Norse influence.<ref>Elisabeth Ridel (2010). ''Les Vikings et les mots''. Editions Errance.</ref>