Editing North Dakota (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of North Dakota}}

===Pre-colonial history===
Native American people lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans. The known tribes included the [[Mandan people]] (from around the 11th century),<ref name="auto">Wood, W. Raymond and Thomas D. Thiessen: ''Early Fur Trade On The Northern Plains. Canadian Traders Among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians, 1738–1818.'' Norman and London, 1987, p. 5.</ref> while the first [[Hidatsa]] group arrived a few hundred years later.<ref>Ahler, Stanley A., T. D. Thiessen and M. K. Trimble: ''People of the Willows. The Prehistory and Early History of the Hidatsa Indians''. Grand Forks, 1991., p. 38.</ref> They both assembled in villages on tributaries of the Missouri River in what would become west-central North Dakota. [[Crow Nation|Crow Indians]] traveled the plains from the west to visit and trade with the related Hidatsas<ref name="auto"/> after the split between them, probably in the 17th century.<ref>Wood, W. Raymond: Notes on the Crow-Hidatsa Schism. ''Plains Anthropologist'', Vol. 22 (1977), pp. 83–100, p. 86.</ref>

Later came divisions of the [[Sioux]]: the [[Lakota people|Lakota]], the [[Dakota people|Santee]] and the [[Assiniboine|Yanktonai]]. The [[Assiniboine]] and the [[Plains Cree people|Plains Cree]] undertook southward journeys to the village Indians, either for trade or for war.<ref name="auto" /><ref>Milloy, John S.: ''The Plains Cree. Trade, Diplomacy and War, 1790–1870''. Winnipeg, 1988, pp. 47–66.</ref> The [[Shoshone|Shoshone Indians]] in present-day [[Wyoming]] and Montana may have carried out attacks on Indian enemies as far east as the Missouri.<ref>Wood, W. Raymond: The Earliest Map of the Mandan Heartland: Notes on the Jarvis and Mackay 1791 Map. ''Plains Anthropologist''. Vol. 55, No. 216 (Nov. 2010), pp. 255–276, p. 266.</ref> A group of [[Cheyenne]]s lived in a village of earth lodges at the lower [[Sheyenne River]] ([[Biesterfeldt Site]]) for decades in the 18th century.

Due to attacks by Crees, Assiniboines and [[Ojibwe|Chippewas]] armed with firearms{{clarify|date=July 2021}}, they left the area around 1780 and crossed Missouri some time after.<ref>Hyde, George E.: ''Life of George Bent. Written From His Letters''. Norman, 1987. pp. 9–15.</ref> A band of the few [[Cheyenne|Sotaio Indians]] lived east of Missouri River and met the uprooted Cheyennes before the end of the century. They soon followed the Cheyennes across [[Missouri]] and lived among them south of [[Cannonball River]].<ref>Wood, W. Raymond: The Earliest Map of the Mandan Heartland: Notes on the Jarvis and Mackay 1791 Map. ''Plains Anthropologist''. Vol. 55, No. 216 (Nov. 2010), pp. 255–276, p. 272.</ref>

Eventually, the Cheyenne and the Sutaio became one tribe and turned into mounted buffalo hunters with ranges mainly outside North Dakota. Before the middle of the 19th century, the [[Arikara]] entered the future state from the south and joined the Mandan and Hidatsa.<ref>Meyer, Roy W.: ''The Village Indians of Upper Missouri. The Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras''. Lincoln and London, 1977, p. 90.</ref> With time, a number of Indians entered into treaties with the United States. Many of the treaties defined the territory of a specific tribe.

===European exploration and colonization===
The first European to reach the area was the [[French-Canadian]] trader [[Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye|Pierre Gaultier, sieur de La Vérendrye]], who led an exploration and trading party to the [[Mandan]] villages in 1738 guided by Assiniboine Indians.<ref name="atlas of canada">{{cite web | title = Audio Transcript of Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye 1738 | publisher = The Atlas of Canada | year = 2003 | url = http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/exploration/1738_verendrye.mov/view | access-date = August 19, 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013180956/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/exploration/1738_verendrye.mov/view | archive-date = October 13, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
 
From 1762 to 1800, the region formed part of [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Spanish Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase|title= Louisiana Purchase—History, Facts, & Map|website= Britannica.com|access-date= September 4, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150501010249/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase|archive-date= May 1, 2015|url-status= live}}</ref>
[[File:Fort Union Trading Post NHS.JPG|thumb|[[Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site]]]]On 1 October 1800, the [[Third Treaty of San Ildefonso]] was signed, and the territory of Spanish Louisiana was transferred to France as part of [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]], which was later sold to the United States in the [[Louisiana Purchase]].

The northwestern portion of the state, corresponding to the [[Red River Valley]] and the drainage basin to the [[Hudson Bay]] was, at the time, part of [[Rupert's Land]], a [[British North America]]n territory.  It remained under control of the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] until the [[Treaty of 1818|Anglo-American Convention of 1818]], which set the border between it and the United States to the [[Canada–United States border|49th parallel]].

===Settlement and statehood===
{{main|Dakota Territory}}

European Americans settled in Dakota Territory only sparsely until the late 19th century, when railroads opened up the region. With the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture.

Differences between the northern and southern part caused resentments between the settlers. The northern part was seen by the more populated southern part as somewhat disreputable, "too much controlled by the wild folks, cattle ranchers, fur traders" and too frequently the site of conflict with the indigenous population. The northern part was generally content with remaining a territory. However, following the territorial capital being moved from [[Yankton, South Dakota|Yankton]] in the southern part to Bismarck, the southern part began to call for division. Finally, at the 1887 territorial election, the voters approved splitting the territory into two. The division was done by the seventh standard parallel.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Now You Know: Why Are There Two Dakotas? |url=https://time.com/4377423/dakota-north-south-history-two/ |access-date=April 7, 2022 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408084549/https://time.com/4377423/dakota-north-south-history-two/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-17 |title=Moving Toward Statehood {{!}} North Dakota Studies |url=http://www.ndstudies.gov/content/moving-toward-statehood |access-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017234846/http://www.ndstudies.gov/content/moving-toward-statehood |archive-date=October 17, 2015 }}</ref> Other account(s) state that the real reason for the split was a political lure for four Republican senators instead of two from the Republican dominated Dakota Territory and in their push to split the territory, Republican congressmen also ignored the uncomfortable fact that much of the land in the anticipated state of South Dakota belonged to the Sioux.<ref name="richardson">{{cite book |author=Heather Cox Richardson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Zi4H7SsSugC |title=Wounded Knee: Party Politics and the Road to an American Massacre |date=November 25, 2013 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=9780465025114 |page=101 |quote="On February 22, 1889, outgoing President Cleveland signed an omnibus bill that divided the Territory of Dakota in half. The bill also enable the people in the new Territories of North Dakota and South Dakota, as well as the older territories of Montana and Washington, to write state constitutions and elect state governments. The four new states would be admitted into the Union in nine months. This plan cut Democratic New Mexico out of statehood, and split Republican Dakota Territory into two new Republican states. Rather than two new Republican states and two new Democratic states that Congress had considered the previous year, the omnibus bill created three new Republican states and one new Democratic state that Republicans thought they would capture. In their eagerness to admit both Dakotas, Republican congressmen also ignored the uncomfortable fact that much of the land in the anticipated state of South Dakota belonged to the Sioux}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="ndstudies.gov">{{Cite web |title=Section 6: Statehood {{!}} 4th Grade North Dakota Studies |url=https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr4/early-settlement-north-dakota/part-1-early-settlement-north-dakota/section-6-statehood |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=North Dakota Studies Grade 4 Curriculum |language=en}}</ref>

Congress passed an omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, [[South Dakota]], [[Montana]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]], titled the [[Enabling Act of 1889]], on February 22, 1889, during the administration of President [[Grover Cleveland]]. His successor, [[Benjamin Harrison]], signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2, 1889.<ref name="washington">{{cite web | title = Enabling Act | publisher= Washington State Legislature | url = http://www.leg.wa.gov/History/State/enabling.htm | access-date = August 19, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070919230052/http://www.leg.wa.gov/History/State/enabling.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> | archive-date = September 19, 2007}}</ref>

There was a rivalry between the two new states over which one would be admitted first. So Harrison directed Secretary of State [[James G. Blaine]] to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first to keep both the states happy and to avoid showing favor to either state. The actual order went unrecorded, thus no one knows which of the Dakotas was admitted first.<ref name="using">{{cite web | title=H.I.P. Pocket Change™ Web Site—Coin of the Month | website=usmint.gov | date=September 2006 | url=http://www.usmint.gov:80/kids/coinNews/coinOfTheMonth/2006/09.cfm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013151848/http://www.usmint.gov/kids/coinNews/coinOfTheMonth/2006/09.cfm | archive-date=October 13, 2007 | url-status=dead | access-date=November 15, 2018 | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="nd boundaries">{{cite web | title = North Dakota's Boundaries | publisher = North Dakota Geological Survey | year = 2002 | url = https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs//ndnotes/Boundaries/Boundaries.asp | access-date = August 19, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721144357/https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs//ndnotes/Boundaries/Boundaries.asp | archive-date = July 21, 2011 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="ndstudies.gov"/> However, since ''North Dakota'' alphabetically appears before ''South Dakota'', its proclamation was published first in the Statutes At Large.

===20th century===
Unrest among wheat farmers, especially among Norwegian [[immigrants]], led to a populist political movement centered in the [[Non Partisan League]] ("NPL") around the time of [[World War I]]. The NPL ran candidates on the Republican ticket (but merged into the [[North Dakota Democratic-Nonpartisan League Party|Democratic Party]] after [[World War II]]). It tried to insulate North Dakota from the power of out-of-state banks and corporations.

In addition to founding the state-owned [[Bank of North Dakota]] and [[North Dakota Mill and Elevator]] (both still in existence), the NPL established a state-owned railroad line (later sold to the [[Soo Line Railroad]]). Anti-corporate laws virtually prohibited a corporation or bank from owning title to land zoned as farmland. These laws, still in force today, after having been upheld by state and federal courts, make it almost impossible to foreclose on farmland, as even after foreclosure, the property title cannot be held by a bank or mortgage company.<ref name="state-law">{{cite web |url= http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t10c06-1.pdf |title= CHAPTER 10-06.1 Corporate or Limited Liability Company Farming |publisher= State of North Dakota |access-date= December 29, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161222063532/http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t10c06-1.pdf |archive-date= December 22, 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> Furthermore, the Bank of North Dakota, having powers similar to a Federal Reserve branch bank, exercised its power to limit the issuance of subprime mortgages and their collateralization in the form of derivative instruments, and so prevented a collapse of housing prices within the state in the wake of 2008's financial crisis.<ref name="state bank">{{cite journal |url= https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2009/03/how-nation%E2%80%99s-only-state-owned-bank-became-envy-wall-street |title= How the Nation's Only State-Owned Bank Became the Envy of Wall Street |journal= [[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |last= Harkinson |first= Josh |date= March 27, 2009 |access-date= December 29, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161230085936/http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2009/03/how-nation%E2%80%99s-only-state-owned-bank-became-envy-wall-street |archive-date= December 30, 2016 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

[[File:2009-0521-ND-StateCapitol.jpg|thumb|left|[[North Dakota State Capitol]], featuring an Art Deco tower]]

The original [[North Dakota State Capitol]] in Bismarck burned to the ground on December 28, 1930. It was replaced by a [[limestone]]-faced [[art-deco]] skyscraper that still stands today.<ref name="capitol">{{cite web | title = North Dakota State Capitol Building & Grounds Virtual Tour Map | publisher = The Real North Dakota Project | url = http://www.realnd.com/capitolmap.htm | access-date = August 19, 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070925025915/http://www.realnd.com/capitolmap.htm | archive-date = September 25, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> A round of federal investment and construction projects began in the 1950s, including the [[Garrison Dam]] and the [[Minot Air Force Base|Minot]] and [[Grand Forks Air Force Base|Grand Forks]] [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] bases.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web | title = North Dakota Timeline | publisher = WorldAtlas.com | url = http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/usstates/ndtimeln.htm | access-date = August 19, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070715115553/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/usstates/ndtimeln.htm | archive-date = July 15, 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Western North Dakota saw a boom in [[oil exploration]] in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as rising petroleum prices made development profitable.<ref name="nd history summary">{{cite web | title = North Dakota History: Overview and Summary | publisher= State Historical Society of North Dakota | year = 1999 | url = http://www.nd.gov/hist/ndhist.htm | access-date = August 19, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070403060553/http://www.nd.gov/hist/ndhist.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = April 3, 2007}}</ref> This boom came to an end after petroleum prices declined.<ref name="nd history summary" />

===21st century===
{{main| North Dakota oil boom}}
In 2010, the state had lower rates of unemployment than the national average,<ref name="businessinsider">{{cite web|first1=Vincent|last1=Fernando|first2=Betty|last2=Jin|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/ten-states-with-ridiculously-low-unemployment-rates-and-why-2010-8?op=1|title=10 States With Ridiculously Low Unemployment—And Why|website=Business Insider|date=August 23, 2010|access-date=February 7, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521014258/http://www.businessinsider.com/ten-states-with-ridiculously-low-unemployment-rates-and-why-2010-8?op=1|archive-date=May 21, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and increased job and population growth.<ref name="startribune">{{cite news |first =David |last =Shaffer |url =http://www.startribune.com/local/184433891.html?refer=y |title =N. Dakota population growth is tops in U.S |newspaper =Star Tribune |date =December 22, 2012 |access-date =February 7, 2013 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130609212512/http://www.startribune.com/local/184433891.html?refer=y |archive-date =June 9, 2013 |url-status =live }}</ref> Much of the growth has been based on development of the [[Bakken formation|Bakken oil fields]] in the western part of the state.<ref name="usatoday30.usatoday">{{cite news|first=Brian|last=Shactman|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/story/2011-08-27/Unemployed-Go-to-North-Dakota/50136572/1|title=Unemployed? Go to North Dakota|publisher=CNBC|date=August 28, 2011|access-date=February 7, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015023350/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/story/2011-08-27/Unemployed-Go-to-North-Dakota/50136572/1|archive-date=October 15, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Estimates as to the remaining amount of oil in the area vary, with some estimating over 100 years' worth.<ref>{{cite web 
|first = Mark 
|last = Perry 
|url = http://www.aei-ideas.org/2013/01/bakken-oil-boom-in-north-dakota-might-last-for-100-years/ 
|title = Bakken oil boom in North Dakota might last for 100 years 
|publisher = American Enterprise Institute 
|date = January 31, 2013 
|access-date = February 7, 2013 
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130206003216/http://www.aei-ideas.org/2013/01/bakken-oil-boom-in-north-dakota-might-last-for-100-years/ 
|archive-date = February 6, 2013 
|url-status = live 
}}</ref>

For decades, North Dakota's annual murder and violent crime rates were regularly the lowest in the United States. In recent years, however, while still below the national average, crime has risen sharply. In 2016, the violent crime rate was three times higher than in 2004, with the rise occurring mostly in the late 2000s, coinciding with the oil boom era. This happened at a time when the national violent crime rate declined slightly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/uscrime.htm|title=United States Crime Rates 1960—2016|first=Christopher|last=Effgen|website=www.disastercenter.com|access-date=December 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701112104/http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/uscrime.htm|archive-date=July 1, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Workers in the oil boom towns have been blamed for much of the increase.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thinkprogress.org/crime-in-north-dakotas-oil-boom-towns-is-so-bad-that-the-fbi-is-stepping-in-76e3203eab24/|title=Crime In North Dakota's Oil Boom Towns Is So Bad That The FBI Is Stepping In|website=[[ThinkProgress]]|date=March 6, 2015 |access-date=December 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205143614/https://thinkprogress.org/crime-in-north-dakotas-oil-boom-towns-is-so-bad-that-the-fbi-is-stepping-in-76e3203eab24/|archive-date=December 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/ndcrimn.htm|title=North Dakota Crime Rates 1960—2016|first=Christopher|last=Effgen|website=www.disastercenter.com|access-date=December 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205143609/http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/ndcrimn.htm|archive-date=December 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>