Editing Northern Branch (section)

== History ==

=== Northern Railroad of New Jersey ===
[[Image:New York City Railroads ca 1900.png|thumb|250px|alt=Map showing Hudson River terminals ca. 1900|Passenger service shifted Exchange Place to Pavonia in 1860s and from Pavonia to Lackawanna (Hoboken) in 1950s]]
The Northern Railroad of New Jersey was chartered in 1854. When it opened on May 28, 1859, it was the second railroad in modern Bergen County (following only the [[Paterson and Hudson River Railroad]]) with stage connections to Hackensack and other points. The northern terminal was [[Piermont, New York]], on the [[New York and Erie Rail Road]], which had opened in 1841. After running on the Erie for one mile, trains reached the Northern's own line at [[Sparkill, New York]], and ran for 21 miles to another junction with the Erie at [[Croxton Yard|Croxton]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]]. From there trains ran on the Erie and the [[New Jersey Railroad]] for two and a half miles to the terminal later called [[Exchange Place (PRR station)|Exchange Place]]. Passengers could continue by ferry to Chambers St in [[Manhattan]]. Because of its running over the Erie, the Northern was built to the same 6-foot [[Rail gauge in North America|broad gauge]]. By September 1859, there were three passenger trains in each direction, with one express running from Piermont to Jersey City in 70 minutes. Sometime in the 1860s the Northern began running service westward from Sparkill on the Erie's [[Piermont Branch]] as far as [[Monsey, New York]].<ref>{{Citation| title=The Northern Railroad of New-Jersey | newspaper=The New York Times | date=December 30, 1859 | page=3 | access-date=June 7, 2010 | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9906E5DB1630EE34BC4850DFB4678382649FDE}}</ref><ref name="Next">Northern Railroad of New Jersey (The Next Station Will Be..., vol 4). Railroadians of America, 1976</ref>

The southern terminal was moved to the Erie's [[Pavonia Terminal|Jersey City Terminal]] late in 1868, about six months before the Northern Railroad's formal lease to the Erie. At that time the company had six locomotives, 21 passenger and baggage cars, and 30 freight cars. Not long after, a nominally separate company, the Nyack and Northern Railroad, built from [[Nyack, New York|Nyack]] south to meet the Northern at Sparkill, and from its opening in May 1870 Nyack became the northern terminal for most Northern Railroad trains.<ref>{{Citation| title=RAILWAY EXTENSION.; Opening of the Northern Railroad from Piermont to Nyack--The Excursion Yesterday--Scenes and Incidents -- Speech of James Fisk, Jr. | newspaper=The New York Times | date=May 22, 1870 | page=6 | access-date=June 7, 2010 | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9904E4D61E3CE13BBC4A51DFB366838B669FDE}}</ref> The Northern track was changed to standard gauge along with the rest of the Erie system in 1878.<ref name="Next" />

For five miles in Hudson County, Croxton to Granton, the [[New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway]] ran parallel to the Northern Railroad. Joint stations were constructed between the railroads with platforms on each side. By the time the Susquehanna was leased by the Erie in 1898, the companies operated the parallel section as one multi-track railroad, with the Northern Railroad's tracks used mostly for northbound trains. Although the Erie lease ended in 1940, the track-sharing continued to the late 1950s.<ref name="Next" /><ref>Robert E. Mohowski (2003). The New York Susquehanna & Western Railroad. The Johns Hopkins University Press. {{ISBN|0-8018-7222-7}}</ref>

The Northern Railroad was mainly a commuter and local line, with significant freight business only near its southern end. Business dropped off in the 1930s, and in 1942 the company's property was sold off to its long-term lessor, the Erie. From that time it was the Northern Branch.<ref name="Next" /><ref>{{Citation| title=ERIE GETS JERSEY ROAD; Court Approves Reorganization Plan for Northern Railroad | newspaper=The New York Times | date=June 17, 1942 | page=35 | access-date=June 7, 2010 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1942/06/17/archives/erie-gets-jersey-road-court-approves-reorganization-plan-for.html}}</ref>

=== Erie and Erie Lackawanna ===
[[File:Northern Branch ROW now National Docks Secondary.jpg|thumb|Before re-routing to Hoboken Terminal, Northern Branch trains passed under DL&W bridge near the western portals of the [[Long Dock Tunnel]] and later, [[Bergen Arches]].]]
By 1954, the Northern Branch had only three rush hour passenger trains each way.<ref>Erie Railroad Company employee timetable number 48, September 26, 1954</ref> Between 1956 and 1958, the allied Erie and [[Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad]] (DL&W) consolidated their diminishing passenger services at the Lackawanna's [[Hoboken Terminal]].<ref>{{Citation| title=JERSEY RAIL MERGER OFF TO GOOD START | newspaper=The New York Times | date=March 26, 1957 | page=54 | access-date=June 7, 2010 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/03/26/archives/jersey-rail-merger-off-to-good-start.html}}</ref> During transition Erie trains continued to use the Erie Pavonia Terminal for about an hour in each rush hour, to distribute the heaviest crowds.<ref>Erie Railroad Suburban Timetables / Main Line, October 13, 1956</ref> A Northern Branch train was the very last to leave [[Pavonia Terminal|Pavonia Erie Terminal]] in 1958. Two years later, the Pavonia Terminal was razed in 1961.<ref>{{Citation| title=Once-Busy Chambers St. Ferry Is Closed by Erie in 98th Year | newspaper=The New York Times | date=December 13, 1958 | page=B1 | access-date=June 7, 2010 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/12/13/archives/oncebusy-chambers-st-ferry-is-closed-by-erie-in-98th-year.html}}</ref><ref name="JCP&P">[http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/E_Pages/Erie_Railroad_Terminal.htm Jersey City Past and Present: Erie Railroad Terminal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204040823/http://www.njcu.edu/Programs/jchistory/Pages/E_Pages/Erie_Railroad_Terminal.htm |date=February 4, 2012 }}</ref> The two companies merged in 1960 to form the [[Erie Lackawanna Railway|Erie-Lackawanna Railroad]].

The Northern Branch ran from Hoboken for only eight years. Operation was complicated by the lack of a direct connection. Trains leaving Hoboken had to run out over the new connection (1956) from the DL&W [[Boonton Branch]] to the Erie Main Line, pass a switch which would be thrown, back up about two miles on the former route toward the Erie terminal to where the Northern Branch joined the Erie Main, wait for another switch, and then proceed forward again into the Northern Branch. The move added 15 to 20 minutes to running time.<ref>Erie-Lackawanna Railroad Company employee timetable number 4, October 28, 1962</ref>

Because commuter services cost more to run than they earned in fares, the Erie-Lackawanna ended passenger service on several branches in 1966. On the Northern Branch, the entire railroad north of Sparkill was abandoned in January and passenger service on the rest of the branch was eliminated in October.<ref>{{Citation| title=COMMUTERS LOSE BID TO KEEP ERIE TRAINS | newspaper=The New York Times | date=October 3, 1966 | page=58 | access-date=June 7, 2010 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/03/archives/commuters-lose-bid-to-keep-erie-trains.html}}</ref> The last timetable, April 24, 1966, shows three rush hour trains each way taking 60 minutes to run from Hoboken to Sparkill, only 10 minutes longer than 1954 schedules because of some station closings. Although freight service on the line continued, service into New York state stopped in the late 1970s after the [[Continental Can Company]] in Piermont closed.<ref name="JCP&P" />

=== Conrail & CSX ===
[[File:Northern Running Track-Marion Junction.jpg|thumb| Single running track under the [[Pulaski Skyway]] connects to the Passaic and Harsimus Line at Marion Junction. ROW previously also connected to [[Bergen Hill Cut]] and Exchange Place]]
[[File:Northern Running Track Jersey City 1.jpg|thumb|Rebuilt Northern Running Track (left) along ROW where western slope of [[Bergen Hill]]  descends to the Meadowlands. Parallel line originally developed as [[Hudson Connecting Railway]], now [[NYS&W]]. ]]
By the consolidation of Erie Lackawanna and [[Penn Central Transportation Company|Penn Central]] (among others) into [[Conrail]] in 1976, both the [[West Shore Railroad]] and the Northern Branch fell under the control of Conrail.  As trains accessing the Northern Branch in Jersey City had to go to [[Journal Square]] and reverse direction, and the connection included a [[grade crossing]] of Newark Avenue, freight trains typically used the [[New Jersey Junction Railroad]] and West Shore Railroad, renamed as Conrail's [[River Line (Conrail)|River Line]], to go through northern New Jersey.

Around 1994, a short elevated track, known as the Marion Running Track, was built to connect the [[Passaic and Harsimus Line]] towards [[Kearny, New Jersey|Kearny]] with the Northern Branch.  This provided the Northern Branch with a direct connection to other lines heading west and south at [[Marion Junction (New Jersey)|Marion Junction]].

After the breakup of Conrail in 1999, the Northern Branch was divided.  [[Conrail Shared Assets Operations]] retained the tracks from Marion Junction to the CSX yard in [[North Bergen, New Jersey|North Bergen]], known as the Northern Running Track.  CSX was given the remaining section north to Northvale, in addition to the West Shore Railroad running through the yard, known as the [[Bergen Subdivision]] of the River Line.

With [[New Jersey Transit]]'s 2000 creation of the [[Hudson–Bergen Light Rail]] on the River Line east of the CSX North Bergen Yard, freight trains needed an alternate route to get to the CSX Albany Division.  Trains were re-routed via the Northern Running Track to access the [[Bergen Subdivision]] and this part of the Northern Branch became major CSX rail corridor from [[Upstate New York]].  At that time, the Northern Running Track was improved to handle the heavier traffic that had formerly used the River Line on the east side of the [[New Jersey Palisades]].  [[New Jersey Transit]] paid for the project, which included double-tracking the line, changing Marion Junction and Bergen Junction, and building overpasses on Secaucus Road and [[Paterson Plank Road]].  The rest of the Northern Branch continues north to the New York state line, and is a minor spur.