Editing Northern Cyprus (section)

==History==
{{See also|Ottoman Cyprus|Modern history of Cyprus}}

===1960–1974===
{{see also|Cypriot intercommunal violence}}
[[File:Image of Fazıl Küçük in 1963.png|thumb|175px|[[Fazıl Küçük]], former [[Turkish Cypriot]] leader and former Vice-President of [[Cyprus]]]]
[[File:Sarayönü old North Nicosia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sarayönü Square]] of [[North Nicosia]] in 1969, after the division of the city]]
A united Cyprus gained independence from [[British Cyprus|British rule]] in August 1960, after both Greek and Turkish Cypriots agreed to abandon their respective plans for {{lang|el-Latn|[[enosis]]}} (union with Greece) and {{lang|tr|[[taksim (politics)|taksim]]}} (Turkish for "partition"). The agreement involved Cyprus being governed under a constitution which apportioned cabinet posts, parliamentary seats and civil service jobs on an agreed ratio between the two communities. Within three years, tensions began to show between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots in administrative affairs. In particular, disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. In 1963 [[Makarios III|President Makarios]] proposed unilateral changes to the constitution, via [[13 Amendments proposed by Makarios III|13 amendments]]. Turkey and the Turkish Cypriots rejected the proposed amendments, claiming that this was an attempt to settle constitutional disputes in favour of the Greek Cypriots<ref name="REJECTION">{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/narrative-main-%203.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217102905/http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/narrative-main-%203.html |archive-date=17 February 2007 |title=The Cyprus Conflict}}</ref> and to demote Turkish status from co-founders of the state to one of minority status, removing their constitutional safeguards in the process. Turkish Cypriots filed a lawsuit against the 13 amendments in the Supreme Constitutional Court of Cyprus (SCCC). Makarios announced that he would not comply with the decision of the SCCC, whatever it was,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ir.emu.edu.tr/staff/asozen/conferencepapers/konjic2002.pdf |title=Pre-Rejection of SCCC decision by Makarios |quote=The fact that the decision of the SCCC would not be implemented by Makarios was made quite clear. Non-implementation of the decision of a Constitutional Court is sufficient reason to compel the resignation of its President |publisher=[[Eastern Mediterranean University]] |access-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311202513/http://ir.emu.edu.tr/staff/asozen/conferencepapers/konjic2002.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2012}}</ref> and defended his amendments as being necessary "to resolve constitutional deadlocks" as opposed to the stance of the SCCC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pro-re-publica.de/Cyprus1964.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719073404/http://www.pro-re-publica.de/Cyprus1964.html |archive-date=19 July 2011 |title=Majority rule means war.}}</ref>

On 25 April 1963, the SCCC decided that Makarios's 13 amendments were illegal. The [[Supreme Court of Cyprus|Cyprus Supreme Court]]'s ruling found that Makarios had violated the constitution by failing to fully implement its measures and that Turkish Cypriots had not been allowed to return to their positions in government without first accepting the proposed constitutional amendments.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stephen |first=Michael |date=1987 |url=http://www.mediaprof.org/tcvoices/ukhist.html |title=Cyprus: Two Nations in One Island |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701095552/http://www.mediaprof.org/tcvoices/ukhist.html |archive-date=1 July 2007 |work=Bow Educational Briefing №5 |location=London |pages=1–7}}</ref> On 21 May, the president of the SCCC resigned due to Makarios's stance. On 15 July, Makarios ignored the decision of the SCCC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supremecourt.gov.cy/judicial/sc.nsf/DMLfaq_en/DMLfaq_en?OpenDocument |title=FAQ |language=el |publisher=[[Supreme Court of Cyprus]] |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325142748/http://www.supremecourt.gov.cy/judicial/sc.nsf/DMLfaq_en/DMLfaq_en?OpenDocument |archive-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> After the resignation of the president of the SCCC, the SCCC ceased to exist. The Supreme Court of Cyprus (SCC) was formed by merging the SCCC and the High Court of Cyprus, and undertook the jurisdiction and powers of the SCCC and HCC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/search.asp |title=HUDOC Search Page |publisher=[[European Court of Human Rights]] |access-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910024402/http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/search.asp |archive-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> On 30 November, Makarios legalised the 13 proposals. In 1963, the Greek Cypriot wing of the government created the [[Akritas plan]] which outlined a policy that would remove Turkish Cypriots from the government and ultimately lead to union with Greece. The plan stated that if the Turkish Cypriots objected then they should be "violently subjugated before foreign powers could intervene".<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyprus — The Republic of Cyprus |url=http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/12.htm |work=Country Studies |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=9 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012050603/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/12.htm |archive-date=12 October 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 21 December 1963, shots were fired at a Turkish Cypriot crowd that had gathered as a Greek police patrol stopped two Turkish Cypriots, claiming to ask for identification; two Turkish Cypriots were killed.<ref name="solsten">{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Solsten |url=http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/13.htm |title=Cyprus — Intercommunal Violence |work=Country Studies |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=25 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623135118/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/13.htm |archive-date=23 June 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Almost immediately, intercommunal violence broke out with a major Greek Cypriot paramilitary attack upon Turkish Cypriots in [[Nicosia]] and [[Larnaca]]. Though the [[Turkish Resistance Organization|TMT]]—a Turkish resistance group created in 1959 to promote a policy of {{lang|tr|[[taksim (politics)|taksim]]}} (division or partition of Cyprus), in opposition to the Greek Cypriot nationalist group [[EOKA]] and its advocacy of {{lang|el-Latn|[[enosis]]}} (union of Cyprus with Greece)—committed a number of acts of retaliation, historian of the Cyprus conflict [[Keith Kyle]] noted that "there is no doubt that the main victims of the numerous incidents that took place during the next few months were Turks".<ref name="REJECTION"/> Seven hundred Turkish hostages, including children, were taken from the northern suburbs of Nicosia. [[Nikos Sampson]], a nationalist and future coup leader, led a group of Greek Cypriot irregulars into the mixed suburb of [[Omorphita|Omorphita/Küçük Kaymaklı]] and attacked the Turkish Cypriot population.<ref>{{cite book |first=Andrew |last=Borowiec |year=2000 |title=Cyprus: A troubled island. |publisher=Praeger/Greenwood |page=56 }}</ref> By the end of 1964, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots had been killed.<ref name="oberling120">{{cite book |last=Oberling |first=Pierre |title=The road to Bellapais |year=1982 |publisher=Social Science Monographs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIK6AAAAIAAJ |page=120 |isbn=9780880330008 |quote=According to official records, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the 1963–1964 crisis. |access-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226020712/https://books.google.com/books?id=XIK6AAAAIAAJ |archive-date=26 December 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Turkish Cypriot members of the government had by now withdrawn, creating an essentially Greek Cypriot administration in control of all institutions of the state. After the partnership government collapsed, the Greek Cypriot-led administration was recognised as the legitimate government of the Republic of Cyprus at the stage of the debates in New York{{unclear inline|date=July 2023}} in February 1964.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://cyprus-mail.com/2014/03/09/unficyp-a-living-fossil-of-the-cold-war |work=Cyprus-Mail |date=9 March 2014 |title=UNFICYP: a living fossil of the Cold War |access-date=18 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309143534/http://cyprus-mail.com/2014/03/09/unficyp-a-living-fossil-of-the-cold-war/ |archive-date=9 March 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In September 1964, the then [[United Nations Secretary General]], [[U Thant]] reported that "[[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Chapter-VII-S-5950.pdf |title=UN SG S/5950 Report |date=10 September 1964 |at=paragraph 180 |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095950/http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Chapter-VII-S-5950.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Widespread looting of Turkish Cypriot villages prompted 20,000 refugees to retreat into [[Turkish Cypriot Enclaves|armed enclaves]], where they remained for the next 11 years,<ref name=HISTORY>{{cite web |work=Antiwar.com |url=http://antiwar.com/hadar/?articleid=8042 |title=In Praise of 'Virtual States' |first=Leon |last=Hadar |date=16 November 2005 |access-date=24 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707145957/http://antiwar.com/hadar/?articleid=8042 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> relying on food and medical supplies from Turkey to survive. Turkish Cypriots formed paramilitary groups to defend the enclaves, leading to a gradual division of the island's communities into two hostile camps. The violence had also seen thousands of Turkish Cypriots attempt to escape the violence by emigrating to Britain, Australia and Turkey.<ref>Quoted in Andrew Borowiec, 2000. Cyprus: A troubled island. Praeger/Greenwood p.58</ref> On 28 December 1967, the Turkish Cypriot Provisional Administration was founded.<ref>{{cite book |first1=David |last1=Carment |first2=Patrick |last2=James |first3=Zeynep |last3=Taydas |title=Who Intervenes?: Ethnic Conflict and Interstate Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jAaUQJNAx0C |year=2006 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |isbn=978-0-8142-1013-0 |page=189 |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017204604/https://books.google.com/books?id=_jAaUQJNAx0C |archive-date=17 October 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===1974–1983===
{{Main|1974 Cypriot coup d'état|Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkish Federated State of Cyprus}}
[[File:Rauf Denktash.jpg|thumb|175px|[[Rauf Denktaş]], founder and former President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]]
On 6 July 1974, [[Makarios III|Makarios]] accused the Greek government of turning the Cypriot National Guard into an army of occupation.<ref>[http://cyprus-mail.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/July-6-1974.pdf Cyprus Mail, 06 July 1974, "Greek Regime Accused by Makarios"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002125743/http://cyprus-mail.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/July-6-1974.pdf |date=2 October 2015 }} "...President Makarios said yesterday the Athens regime ''bears great responsibility for what has been in Cyprus'', and accused the Greek government of trying to introduce dictatorship and turning the national guard into an ''army of occupation''"</ref> On 15 July 1974, the [[Greek military junta of 1967–74|Greek military junta]] and the [[Cypriot National Guard]] backed a [[1974 Cypriot coup d'état|Greek Cypriot military coup d'état]] in Cyprus. Pro-[[Enosis]] [[Nikos Sampson]] replaced President Makarios as the new president.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=Chris |last2=Bewes |first2=Diccon |title=What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-century History |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuGrcgcOiXoC |isbn=1-85728-533-6 |page=65}}</ref> The Greek Cypriot coupists proclaimed the establishment of the "Hellenic Republic of Cyprus".<ref>{{cite book |title=Strategic Review, Volume 5 |date=1977 |publisher=United States Strategic Institute |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCfcAAAAMAAJ |page=48}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Allcock |first=John B. |title=Border and territorial disputes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pztAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Longman Current Affairs |isbn=978-0-582-20931-2 |page=55}}</ref> Turkey claimed that under the 1960 [[Treaty of Guarantee (1960)|Treaty of Guarantee]], the coup was sufficient reason for military action to protect the Turkish Cypriot populace, and thus [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkey invaded]] Cyprus on 20 July. Turkish forces proceeded to take over the northern four-elevenths of the island (about 36% of Cyprus's total area). The coup caused a civil war filled with ethnic violence, after which it collapsed and Makarios returned to power.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

On 2 August 1975, in the negotiations in Vienna, a population exchange agreement was signed between community leaders [[Rauf Denktaş]] and [[Glafcos Clerides]] under the auspices of the United Nations.<ref name="un.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=s/11789 |title=Links to documents |publisher=[[United Nations]] |date=9 September 2002 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102174825/http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=s%2F11789 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Hakki2007">{{cite book|author=Murat Metin Hakki |title=The Cyprus Issue: A Documentary History, 1878–2006 |year=2007 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-392-6 |pages=194–195 }}</ref> On the basis of the Agreement, 196,000 Greek Cypriots living in the north were exchanged for 42,000 Turkish Cypriots living in the south<ref>{{cite book |url=http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-iii-pbNC7406031/downloads/NC-74-06-031-EN-C/NC7406031ENC_002.pdf |publisher=Research Centre on Multilingualism, [[Catholic University of Brussels]] |year=2004 |title=Euromosaic III: Presence of Regional and Minority Language Groups in the New Member States |page=18}}</ref> (the number of settlers was disputed).<ref name="BahcheliBartmann2004">{{cite book |last1=Bahcheli |first1=Tozun |last2=Bartmann |first2=Barry |last3=Srebrnik |first3=Henry Felix |title=De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIbah-giC0EC&pg=PA168 |year=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7146-5476-8 |page=168 |quote=...the number of settlers was disputed between Turkish and ... |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234240/https://books.google.com/books?id=uIbah-giC0EC&pg=PA168 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Orthodox Greek Cypriots in [[Rizokarpaso]], [[Ayios Andronikos, Cyprus|Agios Andronikos]] and [[Agia Trias, Cyprus|Agia Triada]] chose to stay in their villages,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://famagusta-gazette.com/weekly-unficyp-trip-to-enclaved-cypriots-a-respite-from-daily-hardships-p22148-69.htm |work=Famagusta Gazette |date=30 January 2014 |title=Weekly UNFICYP trip to enclaved Cypriots a respite from daily hardships |access-date=1 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318104959/http://famagusta-gazette.com/weekly-unficyp-trip-to-enclaved-cypriots-a-respite-from-daily-hardships-p22148-69.htm |archive-date=18 March 2014}}</ref> as did also Catholic [[Maronites]] in [[Asomatos, Kyrenia|Asomatos]], [[Karpasia (town)|Karpasia]] and [[Kormakitis]]. Approximately 1,500 Greek Cypriots and 500 Turkish Cypriots remain missing.<ref name=FLEEING>{{cite news |last=Rainsford |first=Sarah |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6166560.stm |title=Bones of Cyprus missing unearthed |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=21 November 2006 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203050015/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6166560.stm |archive-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The invasion led to the formation of the first sovereign administrative body of Northern Cyprus in August 1974, the [[Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration]].

In 1975, the [[Turkish Federated State of Cyprus]] ({{lang|tr|Kıbrıs Türk Federe Devleti}}) was declared as a first step towards a future federated Cypriot state, but was rejected by the Republic of Cyprus and the United Nations.

The north unilaterally [[declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|declared its independence]] on 15 November 1983 under the name of the ''Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus''.<ref name="Declaration">{{cite web |url=http://mfa.gov.ct.tr/cyprus-negotiation-process/historical-background/ |title=Historical Background |publisher=Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=3 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322052113/http://mfa.gov.ct.tr/cyprus-negotiation-process/historical-background/ |archive-date=22 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> This was rejected by the UN via [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 541|Security Council Resolution 541]].

===1983–present===
[[File:Pro-TRNC demonstration in Sarayönü North Nicosia.jpg|thumb|[[Sarayönü Square|Atatürk Square]], North Nicosia in 2006, with the Northern Cypriot and Turkish flags]]
In recent years, the politics of reunification has dominated the island's affairs. The European Union decided in 2000 to accept Cyprus as a member, even if it was divided. This was due to their view of [[Rauf Denktaş]], the pro-independence Turkish Cypriot President, as the main stumbling block, but also due to Greece threatening to block eastern EU expansion. It was hoped that Cyprus's planned accession into the [[European Union]] would act as a catalyst towards a settlement. In the time leading up to Cyprus becoming a member, a new government was elected in Turkey and Rauf Denktaş lost political power in Cyprus. In 2004, a United Nations–brokered peace settlement was presented in a [[Cypriot Annan Plan referendums, 2004|referendum]] to both sides.<ref name="Immovable">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/17276362?zid=309&ah=80dcf288b8561b012f603b9fd9577f0e |title=Immovable object |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=21 October 2010 |access-date=23 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207162410/http://www.economist.com/node/17276362?zid=309&ah=80dcf288b8561b012f603b9fd9577f0e |archive-date=7 December 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The proposed settlement was opposed by both the president of Cyprus, [[Tassos Papadopoulos]], and Turkish Cypriot president [[Rauf Denktaş]]; in the referendum, while 65% of Turkish Cypriots accepted the proposal, 76% of Greek Cypriots rejected it. As a result, Cyprus entered the European Union divided, with the [[Community acquis|effects of membership]] suspended for Northern Cyprus.<ref name="Immovable"/>

Denktaş resigned in the wake of the vote, ushering in the pro-settlement [[Mehmet Ali Talat]] as his successor. However, the pro-settlement side and Mehmet Ali Talat lost momentum due to the ongoing embargo and isolation,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |last2=Faustmann |first2=Hubert |title=The Government and Politics of Cyprus |date=2008 |publisher=Political Science |isbn=978-3-03911-096-4 |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIXtVdDDwgC&pg=PA253}}</ref> despite promises from the European Union that these would be eased.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yesilada |first=Birol |title=EU–Turkey Relations in the 21st Century |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-12680-3 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGtCGXOSdHgC&pg=PA2}}</ref> As a result, the Turkish Cypriot electorate became frustrated. This led ultimately to the pro-independence side winning the general elections in 2009 and its candidate, former Prime Minister [[Derviş Eroğlu]], winning the presidential elections in 2010. Although Eroğlu and his [[National Unity Party (Northern Cyprus)|National Unity Party]] favours the independence of Northern Cyprus rather than reunification with the Republic of Cyprus, he is negotiating with the Greek Cypriot side towards a settlement for reunification.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Wayne C. |title=Western Europe |date=2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4758-1230-5 |page=307 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlgtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA307}}</ref>

In 2011, Turkish Cypriots protested against economic reforms made by the Northern Cyprus and Turkish governments; ''see [[2011 Turkish Cypriot demonstrations]]''.

In October 2020, [[Ersin Tatar]], the candidate of the National Unity Party (UBP), was elected as the 5th president of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus after winning the [[2020 Northern Cypriot presidential election|presidential elections]] against incumbent president [[Mustafa Akıncı]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencies |first=Daily Sabah with |date=2020-10-18 |title=Ersin Tatar becomes 5th president of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/elections/ersin-tatar-becomes-5th-president-of-the-turkish-republic-of-northern-cyprus |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Daily Sabah |language=en-US}}</ref>