Editing Northern fulmar (section)

==Taxonomy==
The northern fulmar was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1761 in the second edition of his book ''[[Fauna Svecica]]''. He placed it with the other petrels in the genus ''[[Procellaria]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Procellaria glacialis''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1761 | title= Fauna svecica: sistens animalia sveciae regni: mammalia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species, cum differentiis specierum, synonymis auctorum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium, descriptionibus insectorum | edition=2nd | language=Latin | location=Stockholmiae | publisher=Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii | page=51 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32170520 }}</ref> Linnaeus based his description mainly on the "Mallemucke" that had been described and illustrated in 1675 by the German naturalist [[Friderich Martens]] in his account of his voyage to [[Spitzbergen]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Martens | first=Friderich | author-link=Friderich Martens | year=1675 | title=Spitzbergische oder Groenlandische Reise Beschreibung gethan im Jahr 1671 | language=German | location=Hamburg | publisher= | page=[https://archive.org/details/friderichmartens00mart/page/68/mode/1up 68], [https://archive.org/details/friderichmartens00mart/page/n165/mode/1up Plate N fig. C] }} A translation of Martens' work was published in 1855 by the Hakluyt Society: {{ cite book | last=Martens | first=Friderich | author-link=Friderich Martens | year=1855 | chapter=A Voyage into Spitzbergen and Greenland | editor-last=White | editor-first=Adam | title=A Collection of Documents on Spitzbergen and Greenland | location=London | publisher=Printed for the Hakluyt Society | series=Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society, Issue 18 | pages=2–140 [75] | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/collectionofdocu00whitrich/page/75/mode/1up | ref=none }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=62 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108702 }}</ref> The northern fulmar is now placed in the genus ''[[Fulmarus]]'' that was introduced in 1826 by the English naturalist [[James Francis Stephens|James Stephens]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stephens|first=James Francis|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36850261|title=General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History|publisher=Kearsley et al.|year=1826|editor-last=Shaw|editor-first=George|editor-link=George Shaw (biologist)|volume=13, Part 1|location=London|page=236|author-link=James Francis Stephens}}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Petrels, albatrosses | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/petrels/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=30 January 2022 }}</ref> The genus name comes from the [[Old Norse]] ''Fúlmár'' meaning "foul-mew" or "foul-gull" because of the birds' habit of ejecting a foul-smelling oil. The specific epithet ''{{lang|la|glacialis}}'' is [[Latin]] for "icy".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n166/mode/1up 166], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n1173/mode/1up 173]}}</ref>

Three [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''F. g. glacialis'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1761) – the [[Nominate subspecies#Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms|nominate subspecies]], which breeds in the high [[arctic]] regions of the [[North Atlantic]]; remains at high latitudes in winter, occasionally south to [[Great Britain]]. Mostly dark morph, with grey body.
* ''F. g. auduboni'' [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1857 – breeds in the low arctic, [[Boreal ecosystem|boreal]] and [[temperate climate|temperate]] regions of the [[North Atlantic]], south to [[Newfoundland]] in the west and [[Brittany]] in the east; wintering south to [[Delaware]] in the west and [[Portugal]] in the east. Tail pale grey.<ref name=Sibley/> Mostly light morph, with white body. Included in ''F. g. glacialis'' by some authors.<ref name=All_birds>{{cite book |last1=del Hoyo|first1=Josep |title=All the birds of the world |date=2020 |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |isbn=978-84-16728-37-4 |page=197}}</ref>
* ''F. g. rodgersii'' [[John Cassin|Cassin]], 1862 – breeds in the [[North Pacific]] on the coast of eastern [[Siberia]] (south to the [[Kuril Islands]]), [[Alaska]], and (in very small numbers) in [[British Columbia]] south to [[Triangle Island]];<ref name="CWS">{{cite book |last1=Kenyon |first1=James K. |title=Atlas of Pelagic Seabirds off the West Coast of Canada and Adjacent Areas |date=2009 |publisher=Canadian Wildlife Service |page=47 |url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2018/eccc/cw69-5/CW69-5-499-eng.pdf |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref> wintering south to [[Japan]] in the west and [[Baja California]] in the east. Tail contrastingly dark grey.<ref name=Sibley/>