Editing November 12 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
* [[954]] &ndash; The 13-year-old [[Lothair of France|Lothair III]] is crowned at the [[Abbey of Saint-Remi]] as king of the [[West Francia|West Frankish Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite book|first=John Bagnell|last=Bury|author-link=J. B. Bury|title=The Cambridge Medieval History vol 3 - Germany and the Western Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exuwlXT-ys0C&pg=PT74|year=1922|publisher=Plantagenet Publishing|pages=74}}</ref>
*[[1028]] &ndash; Future [[Byzantine emperor|Byzantine empress]] [[Zoe Porphyrogenita|Zoe]] takes the throne as empress consort to [[Romanos III Argyros]].<ref>{{cite book|first=E.|last=Woodacre|title=Queenship in the Mediterranean: Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b0uvAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT28|date=18 December 2013|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave Macmillan US]]|isbn=978-1-137-36283-4|pages=28}}</ref>
*[[1330]] &ndash; [[Battle of Posada]] ends: Wallachian Voievode [[Basarab I]] defeats the Hungarian army by ambush.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Mircea|last1=Mușat|first2=Ion|last2=Ardeleanu|title=From Ancient Dacia to Modern Romania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPsJAQAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică|page=112}}</ref>
*[[1439]] &ndash; [[Plymouth]] becomes the first town incorporated by the [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]].

===1601–1900===
*[[1835]] &ndash; Construction is completed on the [[Wilberforce Monument]] in [[Kingston Upon Hull]].<ref name=Wilberforce>{{Cite web|title=Wilberforce Monument, Non Civil Parish - 1283041|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1283041|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629090123/https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1283041|archive-date=29 June 2017|access-date=1 October 2021|website=[[Historic England]]|language=en}}</ref>
*[[1892]] &ndash; [[Pudge Heffelfinger]] becomes the first professional [[American football]] player on record, participating in his first paid game for the [[Allegheny Athletic Association]].
*[[1893]] &ndash; [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] accepts the [[Durand Line]] as the border between the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] and the [[British Raj]].

===1901–present===
*[[1905]] &ndash; Norway holds [[Norwegian monarchy plebiscite, 1905|a referendum]] resulting in popular approval of the [[Parliament of Norway|Storting's]] decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly independent country.<ref>{{cite book|title=Yearbook on Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=depWAAAAYAAJ|year=1972|publisher=[[United Nations]]|page=202}}</ref>
*[[1912]] &ndash; [[First Balkan War]]: King [[George I of Greece]] makes a triumphal entry into [[Thessaloniki]] after its liberation from 482 years of Ottoman rule.
*  1912   &ndash; The frozen bodies of [[Robert Falcon Scott|Robert Scott]] and his men are found on the [[Ross Ice Shelf]] in Antarctica.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jeffrey|last=Richards|author-link=Jeffrey Richards|title=Imperialism and Music: Britain, 1876-1953|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YJUbPSBT94C&pg=PA395|year=2001|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7190-6143-1|pages=395}}</ref>
*[[1918]] &ndash; [[Dissolution of Austria-Hungary]]: Austria becomes a [[Republic of German-Austria|republic]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Donald G.|last=Daviau|title=Major figures of Austrian literature: the interwar years 1918-1938|url=https://archive.org/details/majorfiguresofau00davi|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Ariadne Press|isbn=978-0-929497-60-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/majorfiguresofau00davi/page/4 4]}}</ref> After the proclamation, a coup attempt by the communist ''Red Guard'' is defeated by the social-democratic [[Volkswehr]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Mark E.|last=Blum|title=The Austro-Marxists, 1890-1918: a psychobiographical study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SIiAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]]|isbn=978-0-8131-1515-3|page=240}}</ref>
*[[1920]] &ndash; The [[1920 Cork hunger strike]] by [[Irish republicanism|Irish republicans]] ends after three deaths.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-30943591.html |title=Death of MacSwiney had enormous significance as prisoners hunger strike drew global coverage |last=Dwyer |first=Ryle |date=13 August 2019 |website=Irish Examiner |publisher= |access-date=13 March 2024 |quote=}}</ref>
*[[1920]] &ndash; Italy and the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] sign the [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Treaty of Rapallo]].
*[[1927]] &ndash; [[Leon Trotsky]] is expelled from the [[Soviet Communist Party]], leaving [[Joseph Stalin]] in undisputed control of the [[Soviet Union]].
*[[1928]] &ndash; {{SS|Vestris}} sinks approximately {{convert|200|mi|km}} off [[Hampton Roads, Virginia]], killing at least 110 passengers, mostly women and children who die after the vessel is abandoned.
*[[1933]] &ndash; [[Nazi Germany]] uses a [[1933 German referendum|referendum]] to ratify its withdrawal from the [[League of Nations]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1933/nov/13/secondworldwar.germany2 |title=All Germans rounded up to vote |journal=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 November 1933 |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
*[[1936]] &ndash; In California, the [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge]] opens to traffic.<ref>{{cite book|title=Public Affairs Information Service Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-IcAQAAMAAJ|year=1937|publisher=[[Public Affairs Information Service]]|page=124}}</ref>
*[[1938]] &ndash; Nazi Germany issues the Decree on the Elimination of Jews from Economic Life prohibiting Jews from selling goods and services or working in a trade, totally segregating Jews from the [[Economy of Nazi Germany|German economy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=1938: Key Dates|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/1938-key-dates|access-date=2022-01-17|website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org|language=en}}</ref> 
*[[1940]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: The [[Battle of Gabon]] ends as [[Free French Forces]] take [[Libreville]], [[Gabon]], and all of [[French Equatorial Africa]] from [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] forces.
*  1940   &ndash; World War II: Soviet Foreign Minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] arrives in Berlin to discuss [[German–Soviet Axis talks|the possibility of the Soviet Union joining the Axis Powers]].
*[[1941]] &ndash; World War II: Temperatures around Moscow drop to {{convert|-12|°C}} as the [[Soviet Union]] launches [[ski troops]] for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city.
*  1941   &ndash; World War II: The {{ship|Soviet cruiser|Chervona Ukraina}} is destroyed during the [[Battle of Sevastopol]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Warship International|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBFHAQAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=[[International Naval Research Organization]]|page=348}}</ref>
*[[1942]] &ndash; World War II: [[Naval Battle of Guadalcanal]] between Japanese and American forces begins near [[Guadalcanal]]. The battle lasts for three days and ends with an American victory.
*[[1944]] &ndash; World War II: The [[Royal Air Force]] launches 29 [[Avro Lancaster]] bombers, which [[Operation Catechism|sink]] the German [[battleship]] ''[[German battleship Tirpitz|Tirpitz]]'', with 12,000&nbsp;lb [[Tallboy bomb]]s off [[Tromsø]], Norway.
*[[1948]] &ndash; [[Aftermath of World War II]]: In Tokyo, the [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]] sentences seven Japanese military and government officials, including General [[Hideki Tojo]], to death for their roles in World War II.
*[[1954]] &ndash; [[Ellis Island]] ceases operations.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Ellis Island shepherded millions of immigrants into America |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/reference/modern-history/ellis-island-millions-immigrants-united-states-america/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114152420/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/reference/modern-history/ellis-island-millions-immigrants-united-states-america/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 14, 2019 |website=History |access-date=16 April 2020 |language=en |date=13 November 2019}}</ref>
*[[1956]] &ndash; [[Morocco]], [[Sudan]] and [[Tunisia]] join the [[United Nations]].
*  1956   &ndash; In the midst of the [[Suez Crisis]], [[Palestinian refugees]] are [[1956 Rafah massacre|shot dead in Rafah]] by [[Israel Defense Forces|Israel Defense Force]] soldiers following the invasion of the [[Gaza Strip]].
*[[1958]] &ndash; A team of rock climbers led by [[Warren Harding (climber)|Warren Harding]] completes the first ascent of [[The Nose (El Capitan)|The Nose]] on [[El Capitan]] in [[Yosemite Valley]].
*[[1961]] &ndash; Terry Jo Duperrault is the sole survivor of a series of brutal murders aboard the [[ketch]] [[Bluebelle (ship)|''Bluebelle'']].<ref>{{cite web |first1=Tere |last1=Duperrault Fassbender |first2=Richard D., Ph.D. |last2=Logan |title=Orphaned on the Ocean: The Unbelievable Story of Terry Jo Duperrault |url=https://www.rd.com/true-stories/survival/orphaned-on-the-ocean-the-unbelievable-story-of-terry-jo-duperrault/ |website=[[Reader's Digest]] |date=18 February 2014 |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221101656/https://www.rd.com/true-stories/survival/orphaned-on-the-ocean-the-unbelievable-story-of-terry-jo-duperrault/ |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[1969]] &ndash; [[Vietnam War]]: Independent investigative journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] breaks the story of the [[My Lai Massacre]]. 
*[[1970]] &ndash; The [[Oregon Highway Division]] attempts to destroy a rotting beached [[sperm whale]] with explosives, leading to the now infamous [[Exploding whale#Sperm whale explosion by George Thornton of the Florence-Oregon whale|"exploding whale"]] incident.
*  1970   &ndash; The [[1970 Bhola cyclone]] makes landfall on the coast of [[East Pakistan]], becoming the deadliest tropical cyclone in history.
*[[1971]] &ndash; Vietnam War: As part of [[Vietnamization]], U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] sets February 1, 1972 as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from [[Vietnam]].
*1971   &ndash; [[Aeroflot Flight N-63]] crashes on approach to [[Havryshivka Vinnytsia International Airport|Vinnytsia Airport]], killing 48.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Antonov An-24B CCCP-46809 Vinnitsa Airport (VIN) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19711112-0 |access-date=2021-01-08 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>
*[[1975]] &ndash; The [[Comoros]] joins the United Nations.
*[[1977]] &ndash; [[France]] conducts the ''Oreste'' nuclear test as 14th in the group of 29, [[1975–78 French nuclear tests]] series.
*[[1979]] &ndash; [[Iran hostage crisis]]: In response to the hostage situation in [[Tehran]], U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]] orders a halt to all petroleum imports into the United States from [[Iran]].
*[[1980]] &ndash; The [[NASA]] space probe ''[[Voyager I]]'' makes its closest approach to [[Saturn]] and takes the first images of its [[Rings of Saturn|rings]].
*[[1981]] &ndash; [[Space Shuttle program]]: Mission [[STS-2]], utilizing the [[Space Shuttle]] ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'', marks the first time a crewed spacecraft is launched into space twice.
*[[1982]] &ndash; [[USSR]]: [[Yuri Andropov]] becomes the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party's Central Committee]], succeeding [[Leonid I. Brezhnev]].
*[[1990]] &ndash; [[Crown Prince]] [[Akihito]] is formally installed as Emperor Akihito of Japan, becoming the 125th Japanese monarch.
*  1990   &ndash; [[Tim Berners-Lee]] publishes a formal proposal for the [[World Wide Web]].
*[[1991]] &ndash; [[Santa Cruz massacre]]: The [[Indonesian Army]] open fire on a crowd of student protesters in [[Dili]], East Timor.
*[[1995]] &ndash; [[Erdut Agreement]] regarding the peaceful resolution to the [[Croatian War of Independence]] is reached.
*1995   &ndash; [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'']] launches on [[STS-74]] to deliver the [[Mir Docking Module|''Mir'' Docking Module]] to the Russian space station ''[[Mir]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=STS-74 |url=http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-74.htm |access-date=July 29, 2024 |publisher=Spacefacts}}</ref>
*[[1996]] &ndash; A [[Saudi Arabian Airlines]] [[Boeing 747]] and a Kazakh [[Ilyushin Il-76]] cargo plane [[1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision|collide in mid-air]] near New Delhi, killing 349 in the deadliest mid-air collision to date.
*[[1997]] &ndash; [[Ramzi Yousef]] is found guilty of masterminding the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]].
*[[1999]] &ndash; The 7.2 {{M|w}} [[1999 Düzce earthquake|Düzce earthquake]] shakes northwestern [[Turkey]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of IX (''Violent''). At least 845 people are killed and almost 5,000 are injured.
*[[2001]] &ndash; In New York City, [[American Airlines Flight 587]], an [[Airbus A300]] ''en route'' to the [[Dominican Republic]], crashes minutes after takeoff from [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]], killing all 260 on board and five on the ground.
*  2001   &ndash; [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)#Fall of Kabul|War in Afghanistan]]: [[Taliban]] forces abandon [[Kabul]], ahead of advancing [[Afghan Northern Alliance]] troops.
*[[2003]] &ndash; [[Iraq War]]: In [[Nasiriyah]], Iraq, at least 23 people, among them the first Italian casualties of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], are killed in a [[2003 Nasiriyah bombing|suicide bomb attack]] on an Italian police base.
*  2003   &ndash; [[Shanghai Transrapid]] sets a new [[Land speed record for rail vehicles|world speed record]] of {{convert|501|km/h|mph}} for commercial railway systems, which remains the fastest for unmodified commercial rail vehicles.
*[[2011]] &ndash; [[Silvio Berlusconi]] tenders his resignation as [[Prime Minister of Italy]], effective November 16, due in large part to the [[European sovereign debt crisis]].
*  2011   &ndash; A [[Bid Kaneh explosion|blast]] in Iran's Shahid Modarres missile base leads to the death of 17 of the [[IRGC|Revolutionary Guards]] members, including [[Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam]], a key figure in Iran's missile program.
*[[2014]] &ndash; The [[Philae (spacecraft)|Philae lander]], deployed from the [[European Space Agency]]'s [[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta probe]], reaches the surface of Comet [[67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko]].
*2014   &ndash; An Armenian [[Mil Mi-24]] attack helicopter is [[2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown|shot down]] by Azerbaijani forces, killing all three people on board.<ref name="helo">{{Cite news |last=Harutyunyan |first=Sargis |date=2014-11-12 |title=Armenian Helicopter Shot Down Near Karabakh |url=https://www.azatutyun.am/a/26687991.html |access-date=2014-11-15 |work="Free Europe/Freedom" radio station}}</ref>
*[[2015]] &ndash;  Two [[suicide bomber]]s [[2015 Beirut bombings|detonate explosives]] in [[Bourj el-Barajneh]], [[Beirut]], killing 43 people and injuring over 200 others.
*[[2017]] &ndash; The 7.3 {{M|w}} [[2017 Kermanshah earthquake|Kermanshah earthquake]] shakes the northern [[Iran]]&ndash;[[Iraq]] border with a maximum [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''Severe''). At least 410 people are killed and over 7,000 are injured.
*[[2021]] &ndash; The [[Los Angeles Superior Court]] formally ends [[Britney Spears conservatorship dispute|the 14-year conservatorship]] to pop singer [[Britney Spears]].<ref name="Termination">{{cite news |last=Melas |first=Chloe |title=Britney Spears' conservatorship ends |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/12/entertainment/britney-spears-conservatorship-ends/index.html |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
*[[2022]] &ndash; A [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress]] and a [[Bell P-63 Kingcobra]] [[2022 Dallas air show mid-air collision|collide in mid-air]] over [[Dallas Executive Airport]] during an airshow, killing six.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deliso |first=Meredith |date=2022-11-13 |title=6 dead after 2 planes collide and crash during WWII air show in Dallas |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/aircraft-collide-crash-wwii-airshow-dallas/story?id=93175961 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225051958/https://abcnews.go.com/US/aircraft-collide-crash-wwii-airshow-dallas/story?id=93175961 |archive-date=February 25, 2023 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |language=en}}</ref>