Editing Nuclear Overhauser effect (section)

==History==
The NOE developed from the theoretical work of American physicist [[Albert Overhauser]] who in 1953 proposed that ''nuclear'' spin polarization could be enhanced by the microwave irradiation of the conduction ''electrons'' in certain metals.<ref>{{Cite journal
|last=Overhauser
|first=Albert W.
|year=1953
|title=Polarization of Nuclei in Metals
|journal=[[Physical Review]]
|volume=92
|issue=2
|pages=411–5
|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.92.411|bibcode=1953PhRv...92..411O
}}
</ref>  The electron-nuclear enhancement predicted by Overhauser was experimentally demonstrated in <sup>7</sup>Li metal by T. R. Carver and C. P. Slichter also in 1953.<ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Carver
|first1=T.R.
|last2=Slichter
|first2=C.P.
|year=1953
|title=Polarization of Nuclear Spins in Metals
|journal=[[Physical Review]]
|volume=92
|issue=1
|pages=212–213
|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.92.212.2|bibcode=1953PhRv...92..212C
}}
</ref> A general [[Solomon equations|theoretical basis]] and experimental observation of an Overhauser effect involving only ''nuclear'' spins in the HF molecule was published by Ionel Solomon in 1955.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Solomon, I|year=1955|title=Relaxation Processes in a System of Two Spins|url=http://www.mmrrcc.upenn.edu/mediawiki/images/d/df/A08.pdf|journal=Phys. Rev.|volume=99|issue=2|page=559|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.99.559|bibcode=1955PhRv...99..559S }}</ref>   Another early experimental observation of the NOE was used by Kaiser in 1963 to show how the NOE may be used to determine the relative signs of scalar [[J-coupling|coupling constants]], and to assign spectral lines in NMR spectra to transitions between energy levels. In this study, the resonance of one population of protons (<sup>1</sup>H) in an organic molecule was enhanced when a second distinct population of protons in the same organic molecule was [[Saturation (magnetic)|saturated]] by RF irradiation.<ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Kaiser
|first1=R.
|year=1962
|title=Use of the Nuclear Overhauser Effect in the Analysis of High‐Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra|journal=[[The Journal of Chemical Physics]]
|volume=39
|issue=1
|pages=2435–2442
|doi=10.1063/1.1734045}}</ref> The application of the NOE was used by Anet and Bourn in 1965 to confirm the assignments of the NMR resonances for &beta;,&beta;-dimethylacrylic acid and dimethyl formamide, thereby showing that conformation and configuration information about organic molecules in solution can be obtained.<ref name="Anet">{{Cite journal
|last1=Anet|first1=F. A. L.
|last2=Bourn
|first2=A. J. R
|year=1965
|title=Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectral Assignments from Nuclear Overhauser Effects
|journal=[[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]
|volume=87
|issue=22
|pages=5250–5251
|doi=10.1021/ja00950a048}}
</ref> Bell and Saunders reported direct correlation between NOE enhancements and internuclear distances in 1970<ref name="Bell">{{Cite journal
|last1=R.A.
|first1=Bell
|last2=Saunders
|first2=J.K. 
|year=1970
|title=Correlation of the intramolecular nuclear Overhauser effect with internuclear distance
|journal=Can. J. Chem.
|volume=48
|issue=7
|pages=1114–1122
|doi=10.1139/v70-184}}
</ref>  while quantitative measurements of internuclear distances in molecules with three or more spins was reported by Schirmer et al.<ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Schirmer
|first1=R.E.
|last2=Noggle
|first2=J.H.
|last3=Davis
|first3=J.P.
|last4=Hart
|first4=P.A.
|year=1970
|title=Determination of molecular geometry by quantitative application of the nuclear Overhauser effect
|journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc.
|volume=92
|issue=11
|pages=3266–3273
|doi=10.1021/ja00714a005}}
</ref>

[[Richard R. Ernst]] was awarded the 1991 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for developing [[Fourier transform]] and [[Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy]], which was soon adapted to the measurement of the NOE, particularly in large biological molecules.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1991/|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991|work=Nobelprize.org|access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> In 2002, [[Kurt Wuthrich]] won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution, demonstrating how the 2D NOE method [[Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy#Through-space correlation methods|(NOESY)]] can be used to constrain the three-dimensional structures of large biological macromolecules.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002|work=Nobelprize.org|access-date=2011-03-24}}</ref> Professor [[Anil Kumar (physicist)|Anil Kumar]] was the first to apply the two-dimensional Nuclear Overhauser Effect (2D-NOE now known as NOESY) experiment to a biomolecule, which opened the field for the determination of three-dimensional structures of biomolecules in solution by NMR spectroscopy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Anil |last2=Ernst |first2=R.R. |last3=Wüthrich |first3=K. |title=A two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement (2D NOE) experiment for the elucidation of complete proton-proton cross-relaxation networks in biological macromolecules |journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications |date=July 1980 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1016/0006-291X(80)90695-6 |pmid=7417242 }}</ref>