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Nuer language
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== Phonology == A phonological analysis has yet to be done. The following consonants may therefore not all be distinct.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Faust|first1=Noam|url=https://www.academia.edu/13645692|title=Nuer (Western Nilotic): a preliminary survey|last2=Grossman|first2=Eitan}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Consonants ! colspan="2" | ![[Labial consonant|Labial]] ![[Dental consonant|Dental]] ![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ![[Velar consonant|Velar]] ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n̪}} |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|ɲ}} |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]] !<small>[[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]</small> |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t̪}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|c}} |{{IPA link|k}} | |- !<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]</small> |{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d̪}} |{{IPA link|d}} |{{IPA link|ɟ}} |{{IPA link|ɡ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]] | |{{IPA link|ɾ̪}} | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]] |{{IPA link|w}} |{{IPA link|l̪}} | |{{IPA link|j}} | |{{IPA link|h}} |} Voicing is not distinctive at the end of a stem, regardless of whether it's at the end of a word or utterance. Consonant clusters due to suffixes tend to be simplified. Dental consonants are written ''th dh nh'' in the practical orthography. {{IPA|/h/}} is written ''ɣ''. Vowels may be long or short, modal or [[breathy voice]]d. The latter are written with an underscore in the practical orthography, except for ''u'' and ''ä'' {{IPA|/ə̤/}}, where there is no modal-voiced vowel to contrast. {| class="wikitable IPA" |+Vowels ! ![[Front vowel|Front]] ![[Central vowel|Central]] ![[Back vowel|Back]] |- ![[High vowel|High]] |i iː <br>i̤ i̤ː | | <br>ṳ ṳː |- ![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] |e eː <br>e̤ e̤ː | |o oː <br>o̤ o̤ː |- ![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] |ɛ ɛː <br>ɛ̤ ɛ̤ː | <br>ə̤ ə̤ː |ɔ ɔː <br>ɔ̤ ɔ̤ː |- ![[Near-low front rounded vowel|Near-low]] |(æ æː <br>æ̤ æ̤ː) | | |- ![[Low vowel|Low]] | | | aː <br>a̤ː |} {{IPA|{æ} }} is rare. (Curly brackets indicate the set of ''æ'' vowels.) Final {{IPA|{i} }} is always breathy voiced. There does not appear to be a distinction between short ''a'' and ''ə''. Breathy {{IPA|{o} }} is pronounced {{IPA|[ʊ]}} or {{IPA|[ɵ]}}. Faust & Grossman did not find strong evidence for lexical or grammatical tone, with a few exceptions such as the 1sg suffix {{IPA|/ə̌/}} and the plural suffix {{IPA|/nǐ/ ~ /ǐ/}}, which have a rising tone.
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