Editing Oakland, California (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Oakland, California}}
{{For timeline}}

===Ohlone era ===
The earliest known inhabitants of the area were the Huchiun natives, who lived there for thousands of years. The Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the [[Ohlone]] (a [[Miwok]] word meaning "western people").<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nativecc.com/OhloneTribalMap.html/ |title = Ohlone Tribal Regions Map |access-date=April 15, 2007 |last=Milliken |first=Randall |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070813110544/http://www.nativecc.com/OhloneTribalMap.html/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = August 13, 2007}}</ref> In Oakland, they were concentrated around [[Lake Merritt]] and [[Temescal Creek (Northern California)|Temescal Creek]], a stream that enters the San Francisco Bay at [[Emeryville, California|Emeryville]].

===Spanish and Mexican eras===
[[File:Peralta Family.jpg|thumb|left|Oakland and much of the [[East Bay]] was part of [[Rancho San Antonio (Peralta)|Rancho San Antonio]], granted to [[Luís María Peralta]] in 1820. Here the Peralta family is pictured at their hacienda in Oakland, c. 1840.]]
In 1772, the area that later became Oakland was colonized, along with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the king of [[Spain]]. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to [[Luis María Peralta]] for his [[Rancho San Antonio (Peralta)|Rancho San Antonio]]. The grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oakland-california.co.tv/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411053608/http://oakland-california.co.tv/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 11, 2011 |title=Oakland-california.co.tv |publisher=Oakland-california.co.tv |access-date=April 19, 2012 }}</ref> Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons. Most of Oakland was within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oaklandcaliforniarealestate.biz/History.asp |title=A Brief History of Oakland, California |publisher=Oaklandcaliforniarealestate.biz |access-date=April 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324183040/http://www.oaklandcaliforniarealestate.biz/History.asp |archive-date=March 24, 2012 }}</ref> The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called ''Encinar'' (misrendered at an early date and carried forward as "encinal") &ndash; Spanish for "[[oak forest|oak grove]]" &ndash; due to the large oak forest that covered the area, which eventually led to the city's name.<ref name="ancestry1932">{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~npmelton/oakhist.htm |title=Oakland's Early History, Edson F. Adams, 1932 |publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com |access-date=November 26, 2013}}</ref>

According to [[Stanford University]] historian Albert Camarillo, the Peralta family struggled to keep their land after the incorporation of California into the United States after the [[Mexican–American War]]. Camarillo claims the family was the victim of targeted [[racial violence]]. He writes in ''Chicanos in California'', "They lost everything when squatters cut down their fruit trees, killed their cattle, destroyed their buildings, and even fenced off the roads leading to the rancho. Especially insidious were the actions of attorney [[Horace Carpentier]], who tricked Vicente Peralta into signing a 'lease' which turned out to be a mortgage against the 19,000-acre rancho. The lands became Carpentier's when Peralta refused to repay the loan he believed was fraudulently incurred. The Peraltas had no choice but to abandon the homesite they had occupied for two generations."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Camarillo |first1=Albert |title=Chicanos in California: A History of Mexican Americans in California |date=1979 |publisher=Boyd & Fraser |isbn=978-0878351282 |page=16 |edition=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/chicanosincalifo00albe |access-date=July 29, 2020}}</ref>

===City beginnings===
[[File:1857 U.S. Coast Survey Map of San Antonio Creek and Oakland, California (near San Francisco) - Geographicus - SanAntonioCreek-uscs-1857.jpg|thumb|left|1857 map of Oakland]]
In 1851, three men—[[Horace Carpentier]], Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Port of Oakland: 1850–1934|url=http://www.waterfrontaction.org/learn/wpa_hist_%201-6.pdf|website=waterfrontaction.org|page=1|access-date=February 17, 2018|archive-date=June 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621035026/http://www.waterfrontaction.org/learn/wpa_hist_%201-6.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1852, the Town of Oakland was incorporated by the state legislature.<ref>[https://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/Statutes/1852/1852.PDF#page=13 ''Statutes of California'', 1852, p.180]</ref> During this time, Oakland had 75–100 inhabitants, two hotels, a wharf, two warehouses, and only cattle trails. Two years later, on March 25, 1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland.<ref>[https://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/Statutes/1854/1854.PDF#page=17 ''Statutes of California'', 1854, pp.183–187]</ref> Horace Carpentier was elected the first mayor, though a scandal ended his mayorship in less than a year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1857 US Coast Survey & A D Bache Rare Antique Map Oakland Brooklyn & San Antonio Creek California |url=https://www.classicalimages.com/products/1857-a-d-buache-rare-antique-map-oakland-brooklyn-san-antonio-creek-california-1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Classical Images |language=en}}</ref> In 1853, a preparatory academy was founded in Oakland that soon became the [[College of California]], and in 1869, the first campus of the [[University of California]]. The university moved just north to [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] in the 1870s.<ref name="Marsden">{{cite book|last1=Marsden|first1=George M.|title=The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief|date=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780195106503|pages=134–40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E9QOfEZrrLYC&pg=PA134}}</ref>

During the 1850s, just as gold was discovered in California, Oakland started growing and further developing because land was becoming too expensive in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hometown Chinatown : the history of Oakland's Chinese community|last=Armentrout Ma|first=L. Eve|isbn=9781138862791|location=New York|oclc=898926053|date = February 27, 2015}}</ref> People in China were struggling financially as a result of the [[First Opium War]], the [[Second Opium War]], and the [[Taiping Rebellion]], so they began migrating to Oakland, many of whom were recruited to work on railroads. However, the Chinese struggled to settle because they were discriminated against by the white community and their living quarters were burned down on several occasions.<ref name="Iris">{{Cite book|title=The Chinese in America : A Narrative History |last=Iris |first=Chang |date=March 2004 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780142004173 |location=New York |oclc=55136302}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2022}}

The city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the [[Central Pacific Railroad|Central Pacific]] constructed the [[Oakland Long Wharf]] at Oakland Point, the site of today's [[Port of Oakland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11745239/how-have-a-bunch-of-19th-century-victorians-survived-in-downtown-oakland|title=How Old Oakland's Historic Buildings Survived Decay (and Demolition)|last=Levi|first=Ryan|date=May 9, 2019|website=KQED|language=en-us|access-date=May 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510034123/https://www.kqed.org/news/11745239/how-have-a-bunch-of-19th-century-victorians-survived-in-downtown-oakland|archive-date=May 10, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A number of [[horsecar]] and [[Cable car (railway)|cable car]] lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric [[streetcar]] set out from Oakland to [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] in 1891, and other lines were converted and added over the course of the 1890s. The various streetcar companies operating in Oakland were acquired by [[Francis "Borax" Smith]] and consolidated into what eventually became known as the [[Key System]], the predecessor of today's publicly owned [[AC Transit]].

===1900–1950s===
[[File:Oakland ATSF station 1912 postcard.jpg|thumb|The [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway|Santa Fe]] rail station in 1912.]]
Oakland was one of the worst affected cities in California that was impacted by the [[San Francisco plague of 1900–1904]]. [[Quarantine]] measures were set in place at the Oakland ports requiring the authorities at the port to inspect the arriving vessels for the presence of infected rats.<ref name="QuarantineNYT">{{cite news|title=Quarantine Ordered Against Bubonic Rats|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1925/01/01/archives/quarantine-ordered-against-bubonic-rats-vessels-from-three.html|date=1925|work=[[The New York Times]]|id={{ProQuest|103474660}}}}</ref> Quarantine authorities at these ports inspected over a thousand vessels per year for plague and yellow fever. By 1908, over 5,000 people were detained in quarantine.<ref name="howcommercespread">{{Cite book|title=Contagion : How Commerce has Spread Disease|last=Harrison|first= Mark|date=2012|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300123579|location=New Haven|oclc=785865143}}</ref> Hunters were sent to poison the affected areas in Oakland and shoot the squirrels, but the eradication work was limited in its range because the State Board of Health and the [[United States Public Health Service]] were only allotted about $60,000 a year to eradicate the disease. During this period Oakland did not have sufficient health facilities, so some of the infected patients were treated at home.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A piece of my mind : a new collection of essays from JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association|date=2000|publisher=AMA Press|editor=Young, Roxanne K.|isbn=9781579470821|location=Chicago|oclc=48003418|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/pieceofmymindnew0000unse}}</ref>

The State Board of Health along with Oakland also advised physicians to promptly report any cases of infected patients.<ref name=":0"/> Yet, in 1919 it still resulted in a small epidemic of [[Pneumonic plague]] which killed a dozen people in Oakland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kellogg|first=W. H.|title=The plague situation|journal=American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health|volume=25|issue=3|pages=319–322|doi=10.2105/ajph.25.3.319|year=1935|pmid=18014177|pmc=1559064}}</ref> This started when a man went hunting in Contra Costa Valley and killed a squirrel. After eating the squirrel, he fell ill four days later and another household member contracted the plague. This in turn was passed on either directly or indirectly to about a dozen others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kellogg|first=W. H.|date=1920|title=An epidemic of pneumonic plague|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=10|issue=7|pages=599–605|doi=10.2105/ajph.10.7.599|pmid=18010342|pmc=1362744}}</ref> The officials in Oakland acted quickly by issuing death certificates to monitor the spread of plague.<ref name=":0"/>

==== Incorporation ====
[[File:Oakland Chevrolet factory c.1917.jpg|thumb|One day's output of 1917 automobiles at [[Chevrolet]]'s major [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] plant, now the location of [[Eastmont Town Center]]]]

At the time of incorporation in 1852, Oakland had consisted of the territory that lay south of today's major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north. Oakland's rise to [[industrialization|industrial]] prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the nearby town of [[Alameda, California|Alameda]] being made an island. In 1906, the city's population doubled with refugees made homeless after the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] and fire.

In 1908, the lawyer, former miner, and newspaper owner Homer Wood (1880–1976) suggested to his friend Frank Bilger of Blake and Bilger Rock Quarry and Paving Company that he organize a gathering to establish a [[Rotary Club]] east of the bay. On November 27, 1908, Homer took a ferry across the bay in a driving rainstorm and met for lunch with Frank and twenty three other businessmen at the Hotel Metropole at 13th and Jefferson. This gathering became the first meeting of the Tri-City Rotary Club, renamed in 1911 The Rotary Club of Oakland, the third Rotary Club in the world. This group established the tradition of weekly meetings, something most clubs worldwide follow today.<ref>Hamilton, Linda Parker, ''The Rotary Club of Oakland, A Century of Service and Friendship'', Stories to Last. {{ISBN|978-0-615-57936-8}}</ref>

In 1917, [[General Motors]] opened an automobile factory in [[Elmhurst, Oakland, California|East Oakland]] called [[Oakland Assembly]]. It produced [[Chevrolet]] cars and then [[GMC (automobile)|GMC]] trucks until 1963, when it was moved to [[Fremont, California|Fremont]] in southern Alameda County.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oaklandhistory.com/files/chev.html |title=Oakland History Room. 1917 promotional photograph of a day's output at the Chevrolet factory |publisher=Oaklandhistory.com |access-date=April 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323180032/http://www.oaklandhistory.com/files/chev.html |archive-date=March 23, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Also in 1916, the [[Fageol|Fageol Motor Company]] chose East Oakland for their first factory, manufacturing farming tractors from 1918 to 1923.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lincolnhighwayassoc.org/ca/traveler/2001-09/highway_nostalgia.html |work=The Traveler: The Newsletter of the Lincoln Highway Association—California Chapter |issue=Fall 2001 |author=Wes Hammond |title=Highway Nostalgia. Manufacturing Trucks Adjacent to the Lincoln Highway: Fageol Truck and Coach Company. Oakland, California, 1916–1938 |publisher=Lincolnhighwayassoc.org |access-date=April 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319152907/http://www.lincolnhighwayassoc.org/ca/traveler/2001-09/highway_nostalgia.html |archive-date=March 19, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://vintagetractors.com/Fageol.html |title=Vintage Tractors. 'Fageol' |publisher=Vintagetractors.com |date=January 7, 1919 |access-date=April 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609092714/http://vintagetractors.com/Fageol.html |archive-date=June 9, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 1920, Oakland was the home of numerous manufacturing industries, including [[metals]], canneries, bakeries, [[internal combustion engines]], automobiles, and shipbuilding.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt7199q9d0/ |title=Photo collection: 'New or greatly enlarged industrial establishments of Oakland and East Bay cities.' by Oakland (Calif.) Chamber of Commerce. ca. 1917. Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room |publisher=Content.cdlib.org |date=February 24, 2007 |access-date=April 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723161041/http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt7199q9d0/ |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 1929, when [[Chrysler]] expanded with a new plant there, Oakland had become known as the "[[Detroit]] of the West," referring to the major auto manufacturing center in Michigan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newspaperarchive.com/LandingPage.aspx?type=glp&search=oakland%20history%20eastmont%20automobile%20factory&img=\\na0037\6774012\31255565.html |title=Oakland Tribune, May 5, 1929. 'Chrysler plant' |publisher=Newspaperarchive.com |access-date=April 19, 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Old oakland.jpg|thumb|Old Oakland neighborhood]]
Oakland expanded during the 1920s, as its population expanded with factory workers. Approximately 13,000 homes were built in the 3 years between 1921 and 1924,<ref>{{cite web|title=East Oakland Community Information Book 2001|url=http://www.acphd.org/AXBYCZ/Admin/DataReports/east_oakland.pdf|publisher=Alameda County Health Services Agency|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910075351/http://www.acphd.org/AXBYCZ/Admin/DataReports/east_oakland.pdf|archive-date=September 10, 2008 }}</ref> more than during the 13 years between 1907 and 1920.<ref>Prentice, Helaine Kaplan, ''Rehab Right'', Ten-Speed Press. {{ISBN|0-89815-172-4}}</ref> Many of the large downtown office buildings, apartment buildings, and single-family houses still standing in Oakland were built during the 1920s; they reflect the architectural styles of the time.

[[File:The Parkway Theater.jpg|thumb|Historic 1920s-era Parkway Theater]]
[[File:Oakland tribune tower detail.jpg|thumb|upright|In 1924, the [[Tribune Tower (Oakland)|Tribune Tower]] was completed; in 1976, it was restored and declared an Oakland landmark. While it is no longer occupied by the ''[[Oakland Tribune]]'', its historic appearance is preserved.]]

Russell Clifford Durant established Durant Field at 82nd Avenue and East 14th Street in 1916.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aerofiles.com/_d.html |title=Aerofiles.com. 'Durant' |publisher=Aerofiles.com |access-date=April 19, 2012}}</ref> The first [[Airmails of the United States#Transcontinental Air Mail|transcontinental airmail]] flight finished its journey at Durant Field on August 9, 1920, flown by Army Capt. [[Eddie Rickenbacker]] and Navy [[lieutenant|Lt.]] [[Bertrand Blanchard Acosta|Bert Acosta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Government_Role/1918-1924/POL3.htm |title=U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. 'The U.S. Post Office Flies the Mail, 1918–1924' |publisher=Centennialofflight.gov |access-date=April 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106112000/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Government_Role/1918-1924/POL3.htm |archive-date=January 6, 2012 }}</ref> Durant Field was often called Oakland Airport, though the current [[Oakland International Airport]] was soon established {{convert|4|mi|abbr=out|spell=in}} to the southwest.<ref>[http://www.westernaerospacemuseum.org/oakland/oaklandairport.html Western Aerospace Museum. Oakland Airport Timeline.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016081833/http://www.westernaerospacemuseum.org/oakland/oaklandairport.html |date=October 16, 2015 }}</ref>

During World War II, the East Bay Area was home to many war-related industries. Oakland's [[Moore Dry Dock Company]] expanded its shipbuilding capabilities and built over 100 ships. Valued at $100&nbsp;million in 1943, Oakland's canning industry was its second-most-valuable war contribution after shipbuilding. The largest canneries were in the Fruitvale District, and included the Josiah Lusk Canning Company, the Oakland Preserving Company (which started the Del Monte brand), and the California Packing Company.<ref>{{cite web|title=H.G. Prince Employees [1918]|url=http://collections.museumca.org/qtvr_panos/qtvr7.html|publisher=Oakland Museum of California|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030626011504/http://collections.museumca.org/qtvr_panos/qtvr7.html|archive-date=June 26, 2003 |quote=Oakland's location, where rail and water transportation meet, made it an ideal site for canneries. Shippers brought produce from all over California for canning at several large plants—including the Josiah Lusk Canning Company, the Oakland Preserving Company (which developed the Del Monte brand), and the California Packing Company, which took over the H. G. Prince Company between 1925 and 1930. In 1943, the Oakland Tribune reported that the $100,000,000 canning industry in Oakland ranked second only to shipbuilding in value.}}</ref>

President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] called on defense industries with government contracts to integrate their workforces and provide opportunities for all Americans. Tens of thousands of laborers came from around the country, especially poor whites and blacks from the Deep South: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas, as well as Missouri and Tennessee. [[Henry J. Kaiser]]'s representatives recruited [[sharecroppers]] and [[tenant farmers]] from rural areas to work in his shipyards. African Americans were part of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] by which five million persons left the South, mostly for the West, from 1940 to 1970. White migrants from the [[Jim Crow]] South carried their racial attitudes, causing tensions to rise among black and white workers competing for better-paying jobs in the Bay Area. The racial harmony Oakland African-Americans had been accustomed to prior to the war evaporated.<ref name="sfgate.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/09/26/MNFUSA80E.DTL&hw=Betty+Reid+Soskin&sn=003&sc=552 | title=WWII meant opportunity for many women, oppression for others | first=Carolyne | last=Zinko | date=September 26, 2007 | work=The San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Also migrating to the area during this time were many [[Mexican Americans]] from southwestern states such as [[New Mexico]], [[Texas]], and [[Colorado]]. Many worked for the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]], at its major rail yard in West Oakland. Their young men encountered hostility and discrimination by Armed Forces personnel, and tensions broke out in "[[zoot suit riots]]" in downtown Oakland in 1943 in the wake of a major disturbance in Los Angeles that year.<ref>Ruben Llamas, ''Eye from the Edge: A Memoir of West Oakland, California''</ref>

[[File:Merrittview.jpg|thumb|left|View of [[Lake Merritt]] looking southwest toward the [[René C. Davidson Courthouse|Alameda County Courthouse]]]]

In 1946, [[National City Lines]] (NCL), a General Motors [[holding company]], acquired 64% of [[Key System]] stock; during the next several years NCL engaged in the [[General Motors Streetcar Conspiracy|conspiratorial dissolution]] of Oakland's electric [[streetcar]] system. The city's expensive electric streetcar fleet was converted to cheaper diesel buses.<ref name="7th">[http://www.altlaw.org/v1/cases/770576 UNITED STATES, v. NATIONAL CITY LINES, Inc., et al.—186 F.2d 562—AltLaw] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116082744/http://www.altlaw.org/v1/cases/770576 |date=November 16, 2009 }}</ref> The state Legislature created the Alameda and Contra Costa Transit District in 1955, which operates today as [[AC Transit]], the third-largest bus-only transit system in the nation.<ref name="journalism.berkeley.edu">{{cite web |url=http://journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/actransit/conis_feature.html |title=From Horses to Hybrid: A Century of East Bay Transport |author=Elena Conis |date=2002 |publisher=Journalism.berkeley.edu |access-date=April 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309112953/http://journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/actransit/conis_feature.html |archive-date=March 9, 2012 }}</ref>

After the war, as Oakland's shipbuilding industry declined and the automobile industry went through restructuring, many jobs were lost.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Richard |date=2005 |title=Oakland Rising: The Industrialization of Alameda County |url=https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Oakland_Rising:_The_Industrialization_of_Alameda_County |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=FoundSF}}</ref> In addition, labor unrest increased as workers struggled to protect their livelihoods. Oakland was the center of a [[1946 Oakland General Strike|general strike]] during the first week of December 1946, one of six cities across the country that had such a strike after World War II.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://libcom.org/library/oakland-general-strike-stan-weir |title=1946: The Oakland General Strike |first=Stan |last=Weir |publisher=libcom.org |date=November 22, 2005 |access-date=December 31, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230100145/http://libcom.org/library/oakland-general-strike-stan-weir |archive-date=December 30, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Mary's First and Last Chance]] in Oakland was a lesbian bar, once the focus of the 1950s [[California Supreme Court]] lawsuit Vallerga v. Dept. Alcoholic Bev. Control, when the bar challenged a state law for the right to serve gay patrons and won in 1959.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Vallerga v. Dept. Alcoholic Bev. Control - 53 Cal. 2d 313, 347 P.2d 909, 1 Cal. Rptr. 494 - Wed, 12/23/1959 |url=https://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/vallerga-v-dept-alcoholic-bev-control-29822 |access-date=June 21, 2023 |website=California Supreme Court Resources, Stanford Law School}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Boyd |first=Nan Alamilla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ4lDQAAQBAJ |title=Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965 |date=May 23, 2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20415-7 |pages=182–183 |language=en}}</ref>

===1960–1999===

In 1960, Kaiser Corporation opened its new headquarters; it was the largest skyscraper in Oakland, as well as "the largest office tower west of [[Chicago]]" up to that time.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrMj_wenLdcC&pg=PA72|title=The furniture of Sam Maloof |access-date=April 19, 2012|isbn=978-0-393-73080-7|year=2001|last1=Adamson |first1=Jeremy Elwell |last2=Maloof |first2=Sam |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company }}</ref> In the postwar period, suburban development increased around Oakland, and [[white flight|wealthier residents moved to new housing]]. Despite the major increases in the number and proportion of African Americans in the city, in 1966 only 16 of the city's 661 police officers were black. Tensions between the black community and the largely white police force were high, as expectations during the civil rights era increased to gain social justice and equality before the law. Police abuse of blacks was common.<ref name="INSIDE THE PANTHER REVOLUTION p. 302">''Inside the Panther Revolution'', Robyn Cean Spencer, Chapter 13, p. 302</ref><ref>monthlyreview.org</ref>

Students [[Huey Newton]] and [[Bobby Seale]] founded the [[Black Panther Party]] at [[Merritt College]] (then located at a former high school on Grove Street, now occupied by [[Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute]]), which emphasized [[Black nationalism]], advocated armed self-defense against police, and was involved in several incidents that ended in the deaths of police officers and other Black Panther members. Among their social programs were feeding children and providing other services to the needy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abc7news.com/entertainment/oakland-museum-of-ca-celebrates-50th-anniversary-of-black-panthers/1561793/|title=Oakland Museum of CA celebrates 50th anniversary of Black Panthers|first=Carolyn|last=Tyler|date=October 19, 2016|work=abc7news.com}}</ref>

As in many other American cities during the 1980s, [[crack cocaine]] became a serious problem in Oakland. Drug dealing in general, and the dealing of crack cocaine in particular, resulted in elevated rates of violent crime, causing Oakland to consistently be listed as one of America's most crime-ridden cities.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Craig Reinarman|author2=Harry G. Levine|title=Crack In America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice|url=https://archive.org/details/crackinamericade00rein|url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20242-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/crackinamericade00rein/page/41 41]}}</ref>

In 1980, Oakland's Black population reached its 20th-century peak at approximately 47% of the overall city population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/cities/Oakland70.htm|title=Bay Area Census – City of Oakland – 1970–1990 Census data|website=www.bayareacensus.ca.gov|access-date=October 22, 2019|archive-date=October 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026211623/http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/cities/Oakland70.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The 6.9 {{M|w|link=y}} [[1989 Loma Prieta earthquake|Loma Prieta earthquake]] occurred on October 17, 1989. The rupture was related to the San Andreas fault system and affected the entire San Francisco Bay Area with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of IX (''Violent''). Many structures in Oakland were badly damaged including the double-decker portion of Interstate 880 that collapsed. The eastern span of the [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge]] also sustained damage and was closed to traffic for one month.

On October 20, 1991, a massive [[1991 Oakland firestorm|firestorm]] swept down from the [[Berkeley Hills|Berkeley]]/Oakland hills above the Caldecott Tunnel. Twenty-five people were killed, 150 people were injured, and nearly 4,000 homes destroyed. With the loss of life and an estimated economic loss of {{USD}}1.5&nbsp;billion, this was the worst urban firestorm in American history, until 2017.<ref name="autogenerated292">''Catastrophe: The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time'', Stephen J. Spignesi, Citadel, 2004, pp 292–94</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/disasters/some-faults-revealed-firestorm-remain-uncorrected/nFR7N/ |title=Some faults revealed by firestorm remain uncorrected |publisher=www.ktvu.com |access-date=July 24, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122005103/http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/disasters/some-faults-revealed-firestorm-remain-uncorrected/nFR7N/ |archive-date=January 22, 2012 }}</ref>

During the mid-1990s, Oakland's economy began to recover as it transitioned to new types of jobs. In addition, the city participated in large development and urban renewal projects, concentrated especially in the downtown area, at the [[Port of Oakland]], and at the [[Oakland International Airport]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/e/a/1997/02/16/SPECIAL6815.dtl |title=On the road to economic success, where we work |newspaper=[[San Francisco Examiner]] |author= Edward Iwata, of the examiner staff |date=February 16, 1997}}</ref>

===21st century===
[[File:Oakland Skyline Telephoto.jpg|thumb|300px|Port of Oakland and downtown, with the Oakland and Berkeley Hills in the background]]
After his 1999 inauguration, Oakland Mayor [[Jerry Brown]] continued his predecessor [[Elihu Harris|Elihu Harris']] public policy of supporting downtown housing development in the area defined as the Central Business District in Oakland's 1998 General Plan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gammon |first=Robert |title=Inflating the Numbers, The Brown administration came very close on the 10K Plan. So why the grade inflation? |newspaper=[[East Bay Express]] |date=January 3, 2007 |url=http://www.eastbayexpress.com/news/inflating_the_numbers/Content?oid=323334 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230101059/http://www.eastbayexpress.com/news/inflating_the_numbers/Content?oid=323334 |archive-date=December 30, 2008 }}</ref> Brown's plan and other redevelopment projects were controversial due to potential rent increases and [[gentrification]], which would displace lower-income residents from downtown Oakland into outlying neighborhoods and cities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salazar |first=Alex |title=Designing a Socially Just Downtown |journal=National Housing Institute |issue=145 |date=Spring 2006 |url=http://www.nhi.org/online/issues/145/designingdowntown.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212172017/http://www.nhi.org/online/issues/145/designingdowntown.html |archive-date=December 12, 2006 }}</ref>

Due to [[Celeste Guap|allegations of misconduct by the Oakland Police Department]], the City of Oakland has paid claims for a total of {{USD}}57&nbsp;million during the 2001–2011 timeframe to plaintiffs claiming police abuse; this is the largest sum paid by any city in California.<ref>KTVU – [http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/investigation-reveals-east-bay-city-paying-out-ext/nFdWy/ Investigation reveals East Bay city paying out extraordinary police abuse settlements] November 14, 2011 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802014527/http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/investigation-reveals-east-bay-city-paying-out-ext/nFdWy/ |date=August 2, 2014 }}</ref> On October 10, 2011, protesters and civic activists began "[[Occupy Oakland]]" demonstrations at [[Frank Ogawa]] Plaza in [[Downtown Oakland]].<ref name="businessweek">[http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9Q4CNR81.htm "Wall Street protesters: We're in for the long haul"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202190410/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9Q4CNR81.htm |date=February 2, 2016 }}, ''Bloomberg Businessweek''. Accessed: October 3, 2011.</ref><ref name="lessighp">{{cite news|last=Lessig|first=Lawrence|title=#OccupyWallSt, Then #OccupyKSt, Then #OccupyMainSt|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lawrence-lessig/occupywallst-then-occupyk_b_995547.html|access-date=October 6, 2011|work=Huffington Post |date=October 5, 2011|author-link=Lawrence Lessig}}</ref>

African-Americans dropped to 28% of Oakland's population in 2010, from nearly half in 1980, due to fast-rising rents and an extreme housing crisis in the region.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/01/from-black-panthers-to-bbq-becky-the-displacement-of-black-oakland | title='We're being pushed out': The displacement of black Oakland| newspaper=The Guardian| date=June 2018| last1=Levin| first1=Sam}}</ref>

The city inspected warehouses and live/work spaces after [[Ghost Ship warehouse fire|a fire broke out in the Ghost Ship warehouse]], killing 36 people in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 16, 2019|title=Update: Fire Chief Defends Response To Deadly Ghost Ship Fire|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/bayarea/article/Update-Fire-Chief-Defends-Response-To-Deadly-13849101.php|access-date=January 9, 2021|website=SFGATE|language=en-US}}</ref>

Oakland is the second U.S. city, after [[Denver]], to decriminalize [[psilocybin mushrooms]]. In June 2019, the City Council passed the resolution in a unanimous vote ending the investigation and imposition of criminal penalties for use and possession of [[Entheogen|natural entheogens]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-oakland-magic-mushroom-legal-20190605-story.html|title=Oakland becomes 2nd U.S. city to decriminalize magic mushrooms|last=Shalby|first=Colleen|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=June 5, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-oakland-decriminalize-mushrooms-psychedelic-plants-20190622-story.html|title=How a trip on magic mushrooms helped decriminalize psychedelic plants in a California city|last=Branson-Potts|first=Hailey|date=June 22, 2019|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=June 23, 2019}}</ref>

In November 2019, two homeless mothers and their children moved into a vacant three-bedroom house in West Oakland. The group, calling themselves [[Moms 4 Housing]], said their goal was to protest what they said was a large number of vacant houses in Oakland owned by redevelopment companies while the city experienced a housing crisis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/15/us/oakland-homeless-eviction.html|title=Homeless Mothers Are Removed From an Oakland House|last1=Cowan|first1=Jill|last2=Dougherty|first2=Conor|date=January 15, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 15, 2020}}</ref> Two months later they were evicted from the house by three dozen sheriff's deputies, as hundreds of supporters demonstrated in favor of the women.<ref>{{cite news|date=January 15, 2020|title=Sheriff's deputies with guns drawn evict homeless moms from Oakland home|work=DTVU|url=https://www.ktvu.com/news/sheriffs-deputies-with-guns-drawn-evict-homeless-moms-from-oakland-home|access-date=January 15, 2020}}</ref> The incident received nationwide coverage.<ref name = Alaa>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/15/us/moms-4-housing-homeless-evicted-oakland-trnd/index.html|title=Homeless mothers with Oakland's 'Moms 4 Housing' have been forcibly evicted from a vacant home they were occupying|last=Elassar|first=Alaa|access-date=January 15, 2020|work=CNN}}</ref> The company that owns the house later said they would sell it to a nonprofit affordable housing group.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Deal-reached-to-sell-homeless-mothers-West-14989721.php#?&te=1&nl=california-today&emc=edit_ca_20200121?campaign_id=49&instance_id=15340&segment_id=20506&user_id=e9848bda5d7546386411f6e2fbdaf95e&regi_id=16153474_ca_20200121|title=Moms 4 Housing: Deal reached to negotiate sale of West Oakland house to nonprofit|last=Ravani|first=Sarah|date=January 20, 2019|work=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=January 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121112303/https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Deal-reached-to-sell-homeless-mothers-West-14989721.php#?&te=1&nl=california-today&emc=edit_ca_20200121?campaign_id=49&instance_id=15340&segment_id=20506&user_id=e9848bda5d7546386411f6e2fbdaf95e&regi_id=16153474_ca_20200121|archive-date=January 21, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, Oakland's per-capita homeless rate was higher than San Francisco and Berkeley. Between 2014 and 2020, Oakland strengthened its protections for tenants in order to reduce the displacement of its long-time residents. Between January 2020 and March 2022, Oakland suffered a disproportionate death toll from the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]] and [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta]] [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|cron]] hybrid variant within the San Francisco Bay Area.

In 2023, prior to and during the Covid pandemic, Oakland became the first city in American history to lose three professional major league sports teams to other cities within a span of five years.<ref name="OaklandExodus">{{cite news|url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/lists/oakland-pro-sports-team-loss-athletics-las-vegas-fan-reaction|title=Oakland unbelievably lost all three of its pro sports teams in just 5 years|author=Robert Zeglinski|newspaper=USA TODAY SPORTS|date=April 20, 2023|access-date=April 20, 2023}}</ref>