Editing Ohio (section)

==History==
{{Main|Prehistory of Ohio|History of Ohio}}

===Indigenous settlement===
[[File:Sunwatch Aerial illustration HRoe 2018 400px.jpg|thumb|left|Artist's conception of the [[Fort Ancient]] [[SunWatch Indian Village]] in [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]].]]
Archeological evidence of spear points of both the Folsom and Clovis types indicate that the Ohio Valley was inhabited by [[Nomad|nomadic people]] as early as 13,000&nbsp;BC.<ref name="knepper9">Knepper (1989), p. 9.</ref> These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000&nbsp;BC.<ref name="knepper9" /> Between 1,000 and 800&nbsp;BC, the sedentary [[Adena culture]] emerged. The Adena established "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, including sunflowers, and "grew squash and possibly corn"; with hunting and gathering, this cultivation supported more settled, complex villages.<ref name="knepper10">Knepper (1989), p. 10.</ref> The most notable remnant of the Adena culture is the [[Great Serpent Mound]], located in [[Adams County, Ohio]].<ref name="knepper10" />

Around 100&nbsp;BC, the Adena evolved into the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] people, who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] can be found in modern-day [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]], [[Newark, Ohio|Newark]], and [[Circleville, Ohio|Circleville]].<ref name="knepper11">Knepper (1989), p. 11.</ref> They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of the continent.<ref>Douglas T. Price; Gary M. Feinman (2008). Images of the Past, 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 274–277.</ref> The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600&nbsp;AD. The [[Mississippian culture]] rose as the Hopewell culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century.<ref name="knepper13">Knepper (1989), p. 13.</ref>

There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the [[Fort Ancient]] people, the [[Whittlesey culture|Whittlesey Culture]]<ref name="knepper13" /> and the [[Monongahela Culture]].<ref>"Monongahela culture-AD 1050–1635". Fort Hill Archeology. Retrieved January 14, 2010.</ref> All three disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. The Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people.<ref name="knepper13" /> It is also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian culture was close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.

[[File:5NationsExpansion.jpg|thumb|left|[[Iroquois]] conquests during the [[Beaver Wars]] (mid-1600s), which largely depopulated the upper and mid-[[Ohio River]] valley.]]

Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the [[Iroquois Confederation]], based in central and western New York.<ref name="knepper14">Knepper (1989), p. 14.</ref> After the [[Beaver Wars]] in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of Indigenous people{{dubious|date=January 2019}} by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multiethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease,{{clarify|reason=no disease has been mentioned yet|date=January 2019}} war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture (corn, sunflowers, beans, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the [[fur trade]].<ref name="roseboom20">Roseboom (1967), p. 20.</ref>

Some of the Indigenous nations that historically inhabited Ohio include the Iroquoian,{{efn|[[Petun]], [[Erie people|Erie]], [[Neutral Nation|Chonnonton]], [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]], the [[Mingo|Mingo Seneca]] and the [[Iroquois Confederacy]]}} the Algonquian,{{efn|[[Miami people|Miami]], [[Mascouten]] [[Lenape]] [[Shawnee]] and [[Odawa]]}} and the Siouan.{{efn|[[Mosopelea]]}}<ref>louis, franquelin, jean baptiste. "Franquelin's map of Louisiana". LOC.gov. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</ref><ref name="knepper14-17">Knepper (1989), pp. 14–17.</ref> [[Ohio country]] was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the [[Yellow Creek massacre]] and the [[Gnadenhutten massacre]].<ref name="knepper43-44">Knepper (1989), pp. 43–44.</ref> After the [[War of 1812]], when Natives suffered serious losses such as at [[Battle of Tippecanoe|Tippecanoe]], most Native tribes either left Ohio or had to live on only limited reservations. By 1842, all remaining Natives were forced out of the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Indians - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians |website=ohiohistorycentral.org |access-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229222444/http://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Colonial and Revolutionary eras===
{{Main|New France|Canada (New France)|Ohio Country|French and Indian War|Treaty of Paris (1763)|Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Indian Reserve (1763)|American Revolutionary War|Western theater of the American Revolutionary War|Treaty of Paris (1783)}}

During the 18th century, the [[French colonisation of the Americas|French]] set up a system of [[trading post]]s to control the fur trade in the region. Beginning in 1754, the [[Kingdom of France]] and [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] fought in the [[French and Indian War]], with various Native American tribes on each side. As a result of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], the French ceded control of Ohio and the remainder of the [[Old Northwest]] to Great Britain in 1763.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wars and Battles: Treaty of Paris (1763) |url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h754.html |publisher=www.u-s-history.com |access-date=March 9, 2022 |archive-date=December 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204235607/http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h754.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Before the American Revolution, Britain thinly exercised sovereignty over Ohio Country by lackadaisical garrisoning of the French forts.{{efn|The last French Fort in Ohio Country, Fort Sandusky, was destroyed in 1763 during Pontiac's Rebellion.}} Just beyond Ohio Country was the great [[Miami Tribe|Miami]] capital of [[Kekionga]], which became the center of British trade and influence in Ohio Country and throughout the future [[Northwest Territory]]. By the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]], British lands west of [[Appalachia]] were forbidden to settlement by colonists.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Billington|first=Ray A.|title=The Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1768 |journal=New York History |year=1944 |volume=25 |issue=2 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press|pages=182–194|jstor=23147791}}</ref> The [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix]] in 1768 explicitly reserved lands north and west of the Ohio as Native lands.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sosin|first=Jack M.|title=Whitehall and the wilderness: the Middle West in British colonial policy, 1760–1775 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaMzwgEACAAJ&pg=PA146|year=1961|publisher=Cornell University Press|page=146|access-date=March 9, 2022 |archive-date=January 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118044200/https://books.google.com/books?id=aaMzwgEACAAJ&pg=PA146 |url-status=live}}</ref> British military occupation in the region contributed to the outbreak of [[Pontiac's War]] in 1763.<ref>{{cite book |last=White|first=Richard|title=The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815|isbn=0-521-42460-7 |year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=256}}</ref> Ohio tribes participated in the war until an armed expedition in Ohio led by [[Brigadier General]] [[Henry Bouquet]] brought about a truce. Another colonial military expedition into the Ohio Country in 1774 brought [[Lord Dunmore's War]], kicked off by the [[Yellow Creek massacre]] in Ohio, to a conclusion. In 1774, Britain passed the [[Quebec Act]], which formally annexed Ohio and other western lands to the [[Province of Quebec]] in order to provide a civil government and to centralize British administration of the [[Montreal]]-based fur trade.<ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/quebecact00hartgoog/page/n22 12]|title=The Quebec Act 1774|url=https://archive.org/details/quebecact00hartgoog|author=Gerald E. Hart|year=1891|publisher=Gazette Printing Company |location=Montreal}}</ref> The prohibition of settlement west of the Appalachians remained, contributing to the American Revolution.<ref>Gordon Wood, ''The American Revolution'' (New York: [[Random House]], 2002).</ref>

By the start of the [[American Revolutionary War]], the movement of Natives and Americans between the Ohio Country and [[Thirteen Colonies]] had resulted in tension. [[Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)|Fort Pitt]] in Pennsylvania had become the main fort where expeditions into Ohio started. Intrusions into the area included General [[Edward Hand]]'s 1778 movement of 500 Pennsylvania [[militia (United States)|militiamen]] from Fort Pitt towards Mingo towns on the [[Cuyahoga River]], where the British stored military supplies which they distributed to Indian raiding parties;<ref>Downes, ''Council Fires'', 211; Nester, ''Frontier War'', 194; Nelson, ''Man of Distinction'', 101.</ref> Colonel [[Daniel Brodhead]]'s invasion in 1780 and [[Brodhead's Coshocton expedition|destruction of the Lenape Indian capital of Coshocton]];<ref>Downes, ''Council Fires'', 266.</ref> a detachment of one hundred of [[George Rogers Clark]]'s troops that were [[Lochry's Defeat|ambushed near the Ohio River]] by Indians led by [[Joseph Brant]] in the same year; a British and Native American attack on the U.S.' [[Fort Laurens]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Archeology of the Battles of Fort Recovery, Mercer County, Ohio: Education and Protection |url=https://www.bsu.edu/-/media/www/departmentalcontent/aal/aalpdfs/roi%2076-100/roi%2078%20public.pdf |publisher=National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program |via=Ball State University |first1=Christine |last1=Keller |first2=Colleen |last2=Boyd |first3=Mark |last3=Groover |first4=Mark |last4=Hill |year=2011 |page=61 |access-date=November 24, 2019 |archive-date=June 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612080120/https://www.bsu.edu/-/media/www/departmentalcontent/aal/aalpdfs/roi%2076-100/roi%2078%20public.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the 1782 detainment and murder of 96 [[Christian Munsee|Moravian Lenape]] pacifists by Pennsylvania militiamen in the [[Gnadenhutten massacre]].<ref>Weslager, ''Delaware Indians'', 316.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=February 6, 2018 |title=Moravians in the Middle: the Gnadenhutten Massacre |first=Eric |last=Sterner |url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/02/moravians-middle-gnadenhutten-massacre |journal=Journal of the American Revolution |access-date=September 30, 2019 |archive-date=September 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930143616/https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/02/moravians-middle-gnadenhutten-massacre/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The western theatre never had a decisive victor. In the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1783, Britain ceded all claims to Ohio Country to the new [[United States]] after its victory in the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cogliano |first=Francis D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMAKWDQt1LAC |title=Revolutionary America, 1763–1815: A Political History |year=2003 |publisher=Francis and Taylor |isbn=978-1-134-67869-3 |ref=cogliano2003 |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-date=February 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220153334/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Revolutionary_America_1763_1815/QMAKWDQt1LAC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Lawrence S. |title=The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge |journal=International History Review |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd.|date=September 1983 |volume=5 |number=3 |pages=431–442 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1983.9640322 |jstor=40105317 |ref=lskaplan1983 | issn = 0707-5332 }}</ref>

===Northwest Territory===
{{Main|Northwest Ordinance|Northwest Territory}}
[[Image:Ohio Country en.png|thumb|left|The [[Ohio Country]] indicating battle sites between American settlers and Indigenous tribes, 1775–1794]]
The United States created the [[Northwest Territory]] under the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787.<ref name="cayton3">Cayton (2002), p. 3.</ref> [[Slave states and free states|Slavery was not permitted]] in the new territory. Settlement began with the founding of [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]] by the [[Ohio Company of Associates]], which had been formed by a group of American Revolutionary War veterans. Following the Ohio Company, the [[Miami Purchase|Miami Company]] (also referred to as the "[[Symmes Purchase]]") claimed the southwestern section, and the [[Connecticut Land Company]] surveyed and settled the [[Connecticut Western Reserve]] in present-day [[Northeast Ohio]]. Territorial surveyors from Fort Steuben began surveying an area of eastern Ohio called the [[Seven Ranges]] at about the same time.

The old Northwest Territory originally included areas previously known as [[Ohio Country]] and [[Illinois Country]]. As Ohio prepared for statehood, the [[Indiana Territory]] was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan]] and the eastern tip of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]] and a sliver of southeastern Indiana called "The Gore".

The coalition of Native American tribes, known as the [[Western Confederacy]], was forced to cede extensive territory, including much of present-day Ohio, in the [[Treaty of Greenville]] in 1795.

Under the [[Northwest Ordinance]], areas could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60,000. Although Ohio's population was only 45,000 in December 1801, [[United States Congress|Congress]] determined that it was growing rapidly enough and accelerated the process via the [[Enabling Act of 1802]]. In regard to the [[Leni Lenape]] natives, Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the [[Muskingum River]] in the present state of Ohio would "be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the [[Moravian Brethren]]&nbsp;... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity".<ref>{{cite web|title=Religion and the Congress of the Confederation, 1774–89|date=June 4, 1998|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel04.html|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=April 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502224644/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel04.html|archive-date=May 2, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Rufus Putnam, the "Father of Ohio"====
[[File:LandingOfThePioneers.jpg|thumb|The landing of [[Rufus Putnam]] and the first settlers at [[Marietta, Ohio]] in 1788.]]

[[Rufus Putnam]] served in important military capacities in both the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[American Revolutionary War]]. He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 1–4, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref>

In 1776, Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which enabled the [[Continental Army]] to drive the British from Boston. [[George Washington]] was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer. After the war, Putnam and [[Manasseh Cutler]] were instrumental in creating the [[Northwest Ordinance]], which opened up the [[Northwest Territory]] for settlement. This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans. Putnam organized and led the [[Ohio Company of Associates]], who settled at [[Marietta, Ohio]], where they built a large fort, [[Campus Martius (Ohio)|Campus Martius]].<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 2–4, 45–8,105–18, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref>Hildreth, Samuel Prescott.  ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 34–7, 63–74, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-0-615-50189-5}}.</ref><ref>McCullough, David.  ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 46–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019.  {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref> He set substantial amounts of land aside for schools. In 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy (now [[Marietta College]]). In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to the settlement north of the Ohio River. In 1796, President George Washington commissioned him as Surveyor-General of United States Lands. In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court. In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 127–50, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref>Hildreth, Samuel Prescott.  ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 69, 71, 81, 82, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-0-615-50189-5}}.</ref><ref>McCullough, David.  ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 143–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019.  {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref>

===Statehood and early years===
{{Main|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}}

On February 19, 1803, U.S. president [[Thomas Jefferson]] signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.<ref>An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States, within the state of Ohio, ch. 7, {{USStat|2|201}} (February 19, 1803).</ref> But Congress had not passed a formal resolution admitting Ohio as the 17th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, as Ohio began preparations for celebrating its sesquicentennial, Ohio congressman [[George H. Bender]] introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the [[Ohio General Assembly]] first convened.<ref name="Blue" /> At a special session at the old state capital in [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]], the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood, which was delivered to [[Washington, D.C.]], on horseback, and approved that August.<ref name="Blue">{{cite journal |last=Blue |first=Frederick J. |title=The Date of Ohio Statehood |journal=Ohio Academy of History Newsletter |date=Autumn 2002 |url=http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911164131/http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-date=September 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>Joint Resolution for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union, ({{USStatute|83|204|67|407|1953|08|07}}).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|title=Clearing up the Confusion surrounding OHIO's Admission to Statehood|access-date=October 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017120249/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|archive-date=October 17, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, [[Zanesville, Ohio|Zanesville]], and [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]. Chillicothe was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, to be near the state's geographic center.

[[File:Battle erie.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Battle of Lake Erie]]'' by [[William Henry Powell]]]]

Although many Native Americans migrated west to evade American encroachment, others remained in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. Starting around 1809, the [[Shawnee]] pressed resistance to encroachment again. Under Chief [[Tecumseh]], [[Tecumseh's War]] officially began in Ohio in 1811. When the [[War of 1812]] began, the British decided to attack from [[Upper Canada]] into Ohio and merge their forces with the Shawnee. This continued until Tecumseh was killed at the [[Battle of the Thames]] in 1813. Most of the Shawnee, excluding the [[Pekowi]] in Southwest Ohio, were forcibly moved west.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schoolworkhelper.net/the-shawnee-tribe-war-of-1812/|title=The Shawnee Tribe & War of 1812|access-date=February 25, 2022|archive-date=February 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225181201/https://schoolworkhelper.net/the-shawnee-tribe-war-of-1812/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ohio played a [[Ohio in the War of 1812|key role]] in the War of 1812, as it was on the front line in the Western theater and the scene of several notable battles both on land and in [[Lake Erie]]. On September 10, 1813, the [[Battle of Lake Erie]], one of the major battles, took place near [[Put-in-Bay, Ohio]]. The British eventually surrendered to [[Oliver Hazard Perry]].

Ultimately, after the U.S. government used the [[Indian Removal Act of 1830]] to force countless Native American tribes on the [[Trail of Tears]], where all the southern states except for [[Florida]] were emptied of Native peoples, the government panicked because most tribes did not want to be forced out of their own lands. Fearing further wars between Native tribes and American settlers, they pushed all remaining Native tribes in the East to migrate west against their will, including all remaining tribes in Ohio.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stockwell |first1=Mary |title=The Other Trail of Tears: The Removal of the Ohio Indians |date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/a/lanepl.org/columns-by-jim-blount/home/2017-articles/what-happened-to-indians-that-once-inhabited-ohio|title=What happened to Indians that once inhabited Ohio? - Columns by Jim Blount|access-date=February 25, 2022|archive-date=February 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225181159/https://sites.google.com/a/lanepl.org/columns-by-jim-blount/home/2017-articles/what-happened-to-indians-that-once-inhabited-ohio|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1835, Ohio fought with the [[Michigan Territory]] in the [[Toledo War]], a mostly bloodless boundary war over the Toledo Strip. Only one person was injured in the conflict. Congress intervened, making [[Michigan]]'s admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. In exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the western two-thirds of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]], in addition to the eastern third, which was already considered part of the territory.

===Civil War and industrialization===
[[File:Morganmap.jpg|thumb|The route of [[Morgan's Raid]] during the [[American Civil War]].]]

Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place in the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. Ohio's industry made it one of the most important states in the Union during the war. It contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Shiloh]], a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.<ref name="knepper233-234">Knepper (1989), pp. 233–234.</ref> Later that year, when [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops under the leadership of [[Stonewall Jackson]] threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor [[David Tod]] recruited 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.<ref name="roseboom188">Roseboom and Weisenburger (1967), p. 188.</ref> From July 13 to 26, 1863, towns along the Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in [[Morgan's Raid]], starting in [[Harrison, Ohio|Harrison]] in the west and culminating in the [[Battle of Salineville]] near [[West Point, Columbiana County, Ohio|West Point]] in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and [[Indiana]] as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan's_Raid|title=Morgan's Raid—Ohio History Central|website=Ohiohistorycentral.org|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621033754/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan%27s_Raid|archive-date=June 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.<ref name="cayton129">Cayton (2002), p. 129.</ref> By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals—[[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], and [[Philip Sheridan]]—were all from Ohio.<ref name="cayton128-129">Cayton (2002), pp. 128–129.</ref>

[[File:Standard Oil.jpg|thumb|The first [[Standard Oil]] refinery was opened in Cleveland by businessman [[John D. Rockefeller]].]]

During much of the 19th century, industry was rapidly introduced to complement an existing agricultural economy. One of the first iron manufacturing plants, Hopewell Furnace, opened near [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] in 1804. By the mid-19th century, 48 blast furnaces were operating in Ohio, most in the southern part of the state.<ref name="HOS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiosteel.org/industry/history.php|title=History of Ohio Steelmaking|website=OhioSteel.org|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010626/http://www.ohiosteel.org/industry/history.php|archive-date=July 25, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Discovery of coal deposits aided the further development of Ohio's steel industry, and by 1853 Cleveland was the nation's third-largest iron and steel producer. The first [[Bessemer converter]] was purchased by the [[Cleveland Rolling Mill|Cleveland Rolling Mill Company]], which became part of the [[U.S. Steel Corporation]] after the merger of [[Federal Steel Company]] and [[Carnegie Steel]], the first billion-dollar American corporation.<ref name="HOS" /> The first open-hearth furnace used for steel production was constructed by the Otis Steel Company in Cleveland, and by 1892, Ohio was the second-largest steel-producing state, behind Pennsylvania.<ref name="HOS" /> [[Republic Steel]] was founded in Youngstown in 1899 and was at one point the nation's third-largest producer. [[Armco]], now AK Steel, was founded in [[Middletown, Ohio|Middletown]] in 1899.

{{See also|Petroleum industry in Ohio}}

===20th century===
The state legislature officially adopted the [[flag of Ohio]] on May 9, 1902.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio%27s_State_Flag_(1901)|title=Ohio's State Flag (1901)|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222949/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio%27s_State_Flag_(1901)|url-status=live}}</ref> Dayton natives [[Orville and Wilbur Wright]] made four brief flights at [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina]], on December 17, 1903, inventing the first successful airplane.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1903/|title=The Wright Brothers - The First Successful Airplane|publisher=National Air and Space Museum|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222940/https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1903/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ohio was hit by its greatest natural disaster in the [[Great Flood of 1913]], resulting in at least 428 fatalities and hundreds of millions of dollars in property damage, particularly around the [[Great Miami River]] basin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/1913_Ohio_Statewide_Flood|title=1913 Ohio Statewide Flood|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222944/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/1913_Ohio_Statewide_Flood|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[National Football League]] was originally founded in [[Canton, Ohio]] in 1920 as the American Professional Football Conference.<ref name="profootballhof.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/history-of-football/1869-1939/1920-american-professional-football-conference-is-formed/ |title=Timeline Detail &#124; Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site |access-date=September 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915042600/http://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/history-of-football/1869-1939/1920-american-professional-football-conference-is-formed/ |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref> It included [[Ohio League]] teams in five Ohio cities (Akron, Canton, Cleveland, Columbus, and Dayton), none of which still exist. The first official game occurred on October 3, 1920, when the [[Dayton Triangles]] beat the [[Columbus Panhandles]] 14–0 in Dayton.<ref name="daytonlocal.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.daytonlocal.com/blog/community/triangle-park-site-of-first-game-in-the-nfl.asp | title=Triangle Park: Site of First Game In The NFL | access-date=February 21, 2022 | archive-date=February 21, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222947/https://www.daytonlocal.com/blog/community/triangle-park-site-of-first-game-in-the-nfl.asp | url-status=live }}</ref> Canton was enshrined as the home of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] in 1963.<ref name="Akron-Canton Football Heritage">{{cite book |last1=Maroon |first1=Thomas |last2=Maroon |first2=Margaret |last3=Holbert |first3=Craig |title=Akron-Canton Football Heritage |date=2006 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-4078-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xn8OgEg-Az4C&pg=PA117 |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107195147/https://books.google.com/books?id=xn8OgEg-Az4C&pg=PA117 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:A scene in a steel mill, Republic Steel, Youngstown, Ohio.jpg|thumb|[[Iron]] being converted to [[steel]] for wartime efforts at Youngstown's [[Republic Steel]] in 1941.]]

During the 1930s, the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] struck the state hard. By 1933, more than 40% of factory workers and 67% of construction workers were unemployed in Ohio.<ref name="greatdepression">{{cite web |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Great_Depression|title=Great Depression|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022 |archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222943/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Great_Depression|url-status=live}}</ref> Approximately 50% of industrial workers in Cleveland and 80% in Toledo became unemployed, with the state unemployment rate reaching a high of 37.3%.<ref name="greatdepression"/> American Jews watched the rise of [[Nazi Germany]] with apprehension. Cleveland residents [[Jerry Siegel]] and [[Joe Shuster]] created the [[Superman]] comic character in the spirit of the Jewish [[golem]]. Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the [[Nazis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/superman.htm |title=The SS and Superman |first=Randall |last=Bytwerk |website=Calvin.edu |access-date=August 17, 2017 |archive-date=June 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626231453/http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/superman.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717013856/http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |title=The religion of Superman (Clark Kent / Kal-El) |website=Adherents.com |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref> Approximately 839,000 Ohioans served in the U.S. armed forces during [[World War II]], of whom over 23,000 died or were missing in action.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/World_War_II|title=1913 Ohio Statewide Flood|publisher=World War II|access-date=February 21, 2022 |archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222942/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/World_War_II|url-status=live}}</ref>

Artists, writers, musicians and actors developed in the state throughout the 20th century and often moved to other cities that were larger centers for their work. They included [[Zane Grey]], [[Milton Caniff]], [[George Bellows]], [[Art Tatum]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], and [[Roy Rogers]]. [[Alan Freed]], who emerged from the swing dance culture in Cleveland, hosted the first live rock 'n roll concert in Cleveland in 1952. Famous filmmakers include [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Chris Columbus]] and the original [[Warner Brothers]], who set up their first movie theatre in Youngstown before the company relocated to California. The state produced many popular musicians, including [[Dean Martin]], [[Doris Day]], [[The O'Jays]], [[Marilyn Manson]], [[Dave Grohl]], [[Devo]], [[Macy Gray]] and [[The Isley Brothers]].

Two Ohio [[astronauts]] completed significant milestones in the [[space race]] in the 1960s: [[John Glenn]] becoming the [[Mercury-Atlas 6|first American to orbit the Earth]], and [[Neil Armstrong]] becoming the [[Apollo 11#Lunar surface operations|first human to walk on the Moon]]. In 1967, [[Carl Stokes]] was [[1967 Cleveland mayoral election|elected]] mayor of Cleveland and became the first African American mayor of one of the nation's 10 most populous cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Carl_B._Stokes|title=Carl B. Stokes |publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222943/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Carl_B._Stokes|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1970, an [[Ohio Army National Guard]] unit [[Kent State shootings|fired at students]] during an antiwar protest at [[Kent State University]], killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called onto campus after several protests in and around campus became violent, including a riot in downtown Kent and the burning of an [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' [[Cambodian Campaign|invasion of Cambodia]] during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>Hildebrand, Herrington, & Keller; pp. 165–166</ref>

Ohio was an important state in the developing ties between the [[China–United States relations|United States and the People's Republic of China]] in the late 1970s and early 1980s.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Lampton |first=David M. |title=Living U.S.-China relations: From Cold War to Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8 |location=Lanham, MD |pages= |author-link=David M. Lampton}}</ref>{{Rp|page=59}}  Relations between the two countries normalized in 1979, during the second term of Ohio governor [[Jim Rhodes]].<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=112}} Rhodes sought to encourage  economic ties, viewing China as a potential market for Ohio machinery exports.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=112}} In July 1979, Rhodes led a State of Ohio [[Trade mission|Trade Mission]] to China.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=112}} The trip resulted in developing economic ties, a sister state-province relationship with [[Hubei|Hubei province]], long-running Chinese exhibitions at the [[Ohio State Fair]], and major academic exchanges between Ohio State University and [[Wuhan University]].<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=113}} Beginning in the 1980s, the state entered into international economic and resource cooperation treaties and organizations with other [[Midwestern]] states, as well as [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ontario]], and [[Quebec]], including the [[Great Lakes Charter]], [[Great Lakes Compact]], and the [[Council of Great Lakes Governors]].

===21st century===
Ohio's economy has undergone significant change in the 21st century, as the trend of [[deindustrialization]] has greatly impacted the [[Midwestern United States|American Midwest]] and the [[Rust Belt]]. Manufacturing in the Midwest experienced a stark decline during the early 21st century,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Arden |first1=Scott |last2=DeCarlo |first2=Christopher |date=November 2021 |title=Exploring Midwest manufacturing employment from 1990 to 2019 |url=https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2021/article/exploring-midwest-manufacturing-employment-from-1990-to-2019.htm |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=[[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |language=en-us |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203210/https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2021/article/exploring-midwest-manufacturing-employment-from-1990-to-2019.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> a trend that greatly impacted Ohio. From 1990 to 2019, it lost over 300,000 manufacturing jobs, but added over 1,000,000 non-manufacturing jobs.<ref name=":0" /> Coinciding with this decline, Ohio has seen a large decline in union membership: 17.4% of Ohioan workers were union members in 2000, while 12.8% were union members in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Membership Historical Table for Ohio : Midwest Information Office |url=https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/data/unionmembershiphistorical_ohio_table.htm |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=[[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |language=en |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203211/https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/data/unionmembershiphistorical_ohio_table.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the wake of these economic changes, Ohio's state government has looked to promoting new industries to offset manufacturing losses, such as the production of [[solar energy]] and [[electric vehicle]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Woody |first=Todd |date=November 23, 2009 |title=Solar energy industry brings a ray of hope to the Rust Belt |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-nov-23-la-fi-rustbelt-greenbelt23-2009nov23-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417072333/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/23/business/la-fi-rustbelt-greenbelt23-2009nov23 |archive-date=April 17, 2017 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |via=LA Times}}</ref> One major program the state government launched was the "Third Frontier" program, created during the governorship of [[Bob Taft]], which aimed to increase investment in Ohio and boost its technology sector.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ohio Third Frontier – History |url=http://www.development.ohio.gov/ohiothirdfrontier/History.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006045824/http://www.development.ohio.gov/OhioThirdFrontier/History.htm |archive-date=October 6, 2010 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |website=Ohio.gov}}</ref> As of 2010, the Ohio Department of Development attributes the creation of 9,500 jobs to this program, with an average salary of $65,000,<ref name="TF">{{cite press release |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ohio-third-frontier-continues-to-create-jobs-and-opportunities-for-ohioans-90364764.html |title=Ohio Third Frontier Continues to Create Jobs and Opportunities for Ohioans |publisher=Ohio Business Development Coalition |website=PRNewswire |access-date=August 17, 2017 |archive-date=August 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818005812/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ohio-third-frontier-continues-to-create-jobs-and-opportunities-for-ohioans-90364764.html |url-status=live}}</ref> while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with a [[return on investment]] of 9:1.<ref name="TF" /> In 2010 the state won the [[International Economic Development Council]]'s Excellence in Economic Development Award, celebrated as a national model of success.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Ohio's economy was also heavily afflicted by the [[Great Recession]], as the state's [[Unemployment|unemployment rate]] rose from 5.6% in the first two months of 2008 up to a peak of 11.1% in December 2009 and January 2010.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=January 1, 1976 |title=Unemployment Rate in Ohio |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/OHUR |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221155857/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/OHUR |url-status=live }}</ref> It took until August 2014 for the unemployment rate to return to 5.6%.<ref name=":1" /> From December 2007 to September 2010, Ohio lost 376,500 jobs.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 12, 2010 |title=Ohio has endured decade of job losses |url=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005052748/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html |archive-date=October 5, 2010 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |website=Dispatch.com }}</ref> In 2009, Ohio had 89,053 foreclosures filings, a then-record for the state.<ref>{{cite web |last=Grzegorek |first=Vince |date=May 20, 2010 |title=We're Number One: Cuyahoga Leads Ohio Foreclosures... Again |url=http://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2010/05/20/were-number-one-cuyahoga-leads-ohio-foreclosures-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818090050/https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2010/05/20/were-number-one-cuyahoga-leads-ohio-foreclosures-again |archive-date=August 18, 2017 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |website=CleveScene.com}}</ref> The median household income dropped 7% from 2006–07 to 2008–09, and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 2010 |title=Ohio's poverty, uninsured rates up; median income drops sharply |url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2010/09/ohios_poverty_uninsured_rates.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818012409/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2010/09/ohios_poverty_uninsured_rates.html |archive-date=August 18, 2017 |access-date=August 17, 2017 |website=Cleveland.com}}</ref> By 2015, Ohio [[gross domestic product]] was $608.1 billion, the [[List of U.S. states by Gross State Product (GSP)|seventh-largest economy among the 50 states]].<ref name="LSC2016">[http://www.lsc.ohio.gov/fiscal/ohiofacts/2016/economy.pdf Ohio Facts 2016: Ohio's Economy Ranks 7th Largest Among States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131050344/http://www.lsc.ohio.gov/fiscal/ohiofacts/2016/economy.pdf |date=January 31, 2017 }}, Ohio Legislative Service Commission.</ref> In 2015, Ohio's total GDP accounted for 3.4% of U.S. GDP and 0.8% of world GDP.<ref name="LSC2016" />

Politically, Ohio has been long regarded as a [[swing state]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Fahey |first=Kevin |date=September 2, 2021 |title=What Happened?: The 2020 election confirmed that Ohio is no longer a swing state. |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2021/09/02/what-happened-the-2020-election-confirmed-that-ohio-is-no-longer-a-swing-state/ |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=blogs.lse.ac.uk |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203210/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2021/09/02/what-happened-the-2020-election-confirmed-that-ohio-is-no-longer-a-swing-state/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but the success of many [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidates in Ohio since the late 2000s has led many to question whether Ohio remains an electoral battleground.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=LeBlanc |first1=Paul |last2=Diaz |first2=Daniella |date=December 4, 2022 |title=Sen. Sherrod Brown says Ohio is still a swing state ahead of 2024 election {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/04/politics/sherrod-brown-ohio-2024-swing-state-cnntv/index.html |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203211/https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/04/politics/sherrod-brown-ohio-2024-swing-state-cnntv/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangitano |first=Alex |date=September 9, 2022 |title=Ohio shows signs of becoming swing state again for Democrats |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3635032-democrats-aim-to-make-ohio-a-swing-state-again/ |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=The Hill |language=en-US |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221203210/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3635032-democrats-aim-to-make-ohio-a-swing-state-again/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On March 9, 2020, the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] reached Ohio, with three cases reported.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=April 1, 2020 |title=Ohio Coronavirus Map and Case Count |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/ohio-covid-cases.html |access-date=February 22, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222003328/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/ohio-covid-cases.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of February 2023, over 41,600 Ohioans have died from COVID-19.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coronavirus (Covid-19) |url=https://coronavirus.ohio.gov/home |access-date=February 22, 2023 |website=coronavirus.ohio.gov |publisher=[[Ohio Department of Health]] |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222102033/https://coronavirus.ohio.gov/home |url-status=live }}</ref> Ohio's economy was also heavily impacted by the pandemic, as the state saw large job losses in 2020, as well as large amounts of subsequent [[Stimulus (economics)|stimulus spending]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ellerbrock |first1=Matthew |last2=Demko |first2=Iryna |last3=Lendel |first3=Iryna |last4=Henrichsen |first4=Erica |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Economic Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Ohio |url=https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/urban_facpub/1730 |journal=All Maxine Goodman Levin School of Urban Affairs Publications |pages=1–7 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072405/https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/urban_facpub/1730/ |url-status=live }}</ref>