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Old French
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==Areal and dialectal divisions== {{further|Langues d'oïl|Gallo-Romance languages}} [[File:Map France 1180-fr.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Map of France in 1180, at the height of the [[feudalism|feudal system]]. The [[crown lands of France]] are in light blue, vassals to the French king in green, [[Angevin Empire|Angevin]] possessions in red. Shown in white is the [[Holy Roman Empire]] to the east, the western fringes of which, including [[Upper Burgundy]] and [[duchy of Lorraine|Lorraine]], were also part of the Old French area.]] The [[areal linguistics|area]] of Old French in contemporary terms corresponded to the northern parts of the [[Kingdom of France]] (including [[County of Anjou|Anjou]] and [[duchy of Normandy|Normandy]], which in the 12th century were ruled by the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet kings of England]]), [[Upper Burgundy]] and the [[Duchy of Lorraine]]. The [[Anglo-Norman language|Norman dialect]] was also spread to [[Norman England|England]] and [[Norman Ireland|Ireland]], and during the [[Crusades]], Old French was also spoken in the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], and in the [[Principality of Antioch]] and the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] in the [[Outremer|Levant]]. As part of the emerging [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]] dialect continuum, the {{lang|fr|langues d'oïl}} were contrasted with the {{lang|fr|langues d'oc}}, at the time also called "Provençal", adjacent to the Old French area in the southwest, and with the [[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]] group to the southeast. The [[Franco-Provençal language|Franco-Provençal]] group developed in Upper Burgundy, sharing features with both French and Provençal; it may have begun to diverge from the {{lang|fr|langue d'oïl}} as early as the late 8th century and is attested as a distinct Gallo-Romance variety by the 12th century. Dialects or variants of Old French include: * [[Burgundian language (Oïl)|Burgundian]] in [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]], then an independent [[duchy]] whose capital was at [[Dijon]]; * [[Picard language|Picard]] of [[Picardy]] and [[Romance Flanders]], with [[Lille]], [[Amiens]] and [[Arras]] as some of the more prominent cities. It was said that the Picard language began at the east door of [[Notre-Dame de Paris]], so far-reaching was its influence. It would also spread northwards in the area of [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] that had a strong presence of [[Old Dutch]] and [[Middle Dutch]];<ref>Milis (1978)</ref> * [[Old Norman]], in [[Normandy]], whose principal cities were [[Caen]] and [[Rouen]]. The [[Norman Conquest]] of England brought many Norman-speaking aristocrats into [[Great Britain|Britain]]. Most of the older Norman (sometimes called "French") words in [[English language|English]] reflect its influence, which became a conduit for the introduction into the Anglo-Norman realm, as did Anglo-Norman control of Anjou and Gascony and other continental possessions. [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] was a language that reflected a shared culture on both sides of the [[English Channel]].<ref name="Lusignan">{{Cite book |last=Lusignan |first=Serge |title=La langue des rois au Moyen Âge: Le français en France et en Angleterre |date=2004 |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |location=Paris |trans-title=The language of kings in the Middle Ages: French in France and England |language=fr}}</ref> Ultimately, the language declined and fell, becoming [[Law French]], a jargon spoken by lawyers that was used in [[English law]] until the reign of [[Charles II of England]]; however, Norman varieties still survive in Normandy and the [[Channel Islands]] as regional languages: [[Jèrriais]], [[Guernésiais]], [[Sercquiais]], and [[Auregnais]] * [[Walloon language|Walloon]], around [[Namur]], now in [[Wallonia]], [[Belgium]]; * [[Gallo language|Gallo]] of the [[Duchy of Brittany]]; * [[Lorrain language|Lorrain]] of the [[Duchy of Lorraine]]. Some modern languages are derived from Old French dialects other than Classical French, which is based on the Île-de-France dialect. They include [[Angevin (language)|Angevin]], [[Berrichon]], [[Burgundian language (Oïl)|Bourguignon-Morvandiau]], [[Champenois]], [[Frainc-Comtou dialect|Franc-Comtois]], Gallo, Lorrain, [[Norman language|Norman]], Picard, [[Poitevin language|Poitevin]], [[Saintongeais]], and Walloon.
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