Editing Old World monkey (section)

== Taxonomic classification and phylogeny ==

{{Main|List of cercopithecoids}}
[[File:Rhesus Macaque, Red Fort, Agra, India.jpg|thumb|A male [[rhesus macaque]] (''Macaca mulatta'')]]
[[File:Cercocebus_torquatus,_Colchester_Zoo,_Essex,_England_-_20080211.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Young [[collared mangabey]] (''Cercocebus torquatus'').]]
[[File:Semnopithecus hypoleucos.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Black-footed gray langur]], (''Semnopithecus hypoleucos'')]]
[[File:NILGIRI LANGUR (Trachypithecus johnii).jpg|thumb|[[Nilgiri langur]] (''Trachypithecus johnii'')]]
Two [[subfamily|subfamilies]] are recognized, the [[Cercopithecinae]], which are mainly African, but include the diverse [[genus]] of [[macaque]]s, which are Asian and North African, and the [[Colobinae]], which includes most of the Asian genera, but also the African colobus monkeys.

The [[Linnaean classification]] beginning with the [[biology|superfamily]] is:
* '''Superfamily Cercopithecoidea'''
** '''Family Cercopithecidae''': '''Old World monkeys'''
*** Subfamily [[Cercopithecinae]]
**** Tribe [[Cercopithecini]]
***** Genus ''[[Allen's swamp monkey|Allenopithecus]]'' – Allen's swamp monkey
***** Genus ''[[Miopithecus]]'' – talapoins
***** Genus ''[[Erythrocebus]]'' – patas monkeys
***** Genus ''[[Chlorocebus]]''
***** Genus ''[[Cercopithecus]]'' – guenons
***** Genus ''[[Allochrocebus]]'' – terrestrial guenons
**** Tribe [[Papionini]]
***** Genus ''[[Macaque|Macaca]]'' – macaques
***** Genus ''[[Lophocebus]]'' – crested mangabeys
***** Genus ''[[Rungwecebus]]'' – kipunji
***** Genus ''[[Papio]]'' – baboons
***** Genus ''[[Theropithecus]]'' – gelada
***** Genus ''[[Cercocebus]]'' – white-eyelid mangabeys
***** Genus ''[[Mandrillus]]'' – mandrill and drill
*** Subfamily [[Colobinae]]
**** African group
***** Genus ''[[Colobus]]'' – black-and-white colobuses
***** Genus ''[[Piliocolobus]]'' – red colobuses
***** Genus ''[[Procolobus]]'' – olive colobus
**** Langur (leaf monkey) group     
***** Genus ''[[Gray langur|Semnopithecus]]'' – gray langurs or Hanuman langurs
***** Genus ''[[Trachypithecus]]'' – lutungs
***** Genus ''[[Presbytis]]'' – surilis
**** Odd-nosed group
***** Genus ''[[Pygathrix]]'' – doucs
***** Genus ''[[Rhinopithecus]]'' – snub-nosed monkeys
***** Genus ''[[Proboscis monkey|Nasalis]]'' – proboscis monkey
***** Genus ''[[Simias]]'' – pig-tailed langur

[[Image:Paracolobus chemeroni.JPG|thumb|right|''Paracolobus chemeroni'' fossil]]
The distinction between apes and [[monkeys]] is complicated by the traditional [[paraphyly]] of [[monkeys]]: Apes emerged as a sister group of Old World monkeys in the [[Catarrhini|catarrhines]], which are a sister group of New World monkeys. Therefore, [[Cladistics|cladistically]], apes, catarrhines and related contemporary extinct groups, such as [[Parapithecidae]], are monkeys as well, for any consistent definition of "monkey".<ref>{{Cite web|title=GEOL 204 The Fossil Record: The Scatterlings of Africa: The Origins of Humanity|url=https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G204/lectures/204scatterlings.html|access-date=2022-01-02|website=www.geol.umd.edu|archive-date=2019-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020136/https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G204/lectures/204scatterlings.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

"Old World monkey" may also legitimately be taken to be meant to include all the catarrhines, including apes and extinct species such as ''[[Aegyptopithecus]]'',<ref>{{Citation|last=AronRa|title=Turns out we DID come from monkeys!|date=2010-01-16|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4A-dMqEbSk8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/4A-dMqEbSk8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-11-12}}{{cbignore}}</ref> in which case the apes, Cercopithecoidea and ''Aegyptopithecus'' as well as (under an even more expanded definition) even the [[Platyrrhini]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Early Primate Evolution: The First Primates|url=http://anthro.palomar.edu/earlyprimates/early_2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174441/https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/earlyprimates/early_2.htm|archive-date=2018-01-10|access-date=2017-08-12|website=anthro.palomar.edu}}</ref> emerged within the Old World monkeys. Historically, monkeys from the "Old World" (Afro-Arabia), somehow drifted to the "New World" some 40 million years ago, forming the "New World monkeys" (platyrrhines). Apes would emerge later within the Afro-Arabia group.