Editing Open-design movement (section)

== Origin ==
Sharing of manufacturing information can be traced back to the 18th and 19th century.<ref>Nuvolari, Alessandro 2004. Collective Invention during the British Industrial Revolution: The Case of the Cornish Pumping Engine. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 28, nr. 3: 347–363.</ref><ref>Allen, Robert C. 1983. Collective Invention. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 4, no. 1: 1–24.</ref> Aggressive patenting put an end to that period of extensive knowledge sharing.<ref>Bessen, James E. and Nuvolari, Alessandro, Knowledge Sharing Among Inventors: Some Historical Perspectives (2012, forthcoming). In: Dietmar Harhoff and Karim Lakhani eds., Revolutionizing Innovation: Users, Communities and Open Innovation. Cambridge: MIT Press. Pre-Print: Boston Univ. School of Law, Law and Economics Research Paper No. 11-51; LEM Working Paper 2011/21. Available at http://www.bu.edu/law/faculty/scholarship/workingpapers/documents/BessenJ-NuvolariA101411fin.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228071657/http://www.bu.edu/law/faculty/scholarship/workingpapers/documents/BessenJ-NuvolariA101411fin.pdf |date=2013-02-28 }}</ref>
More recently, principles of open design have been related to the [[free software|free]] and [[open-source software|open-source]] software movements.<ref name=ODMF>Vallance, Kiani and Nayfeh, Open Design of Manufacturing Equipment, CIRP 1st Int. Conference on Agile, 2001</ref> In 1997 [[Eric S. Raymond]], [[Tim O'Reilly]] and [[Larry Augustin]] established "open source" as an alternative expression to "free software", and in 1997 [[Bruce Perens]] published ''[[The Open Source Definition]]''. In late 1998, Dr. Sepehr Kiani (a PhD in mechanical engineering from MIT) realized that designers could benefit from open source policies, and in early 1999 he convinced Dr. Ryan Vallance and Dr. Samir Nayfeh of the potential benefits of open design in machine design applications.<ref name=bazaar>R. Ryan Vallance, Bazaar Design of Nano and Micro Manufacturing Equipment, 2000</ref> Together they established the [[Open Design Foundation]] (ODF) as a non-profit corporation, and set out to develop an Open Design Definition.<ref name=bazaar/>

The idea of open design was taken up, either simultaneously or subsequently, by several other groups and individuals. The principles of open design are closely similar to those of [[open-source hardware]] design, which emerged in March 1998 when Reinoud Lamberts of the [[Delft University of Technology]] proposed on his "Open Design Circuits" website the creation of a hardware design community in the spirit of free software.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://opencollector.org/history/OpenDesignCircuits/reinoud_announce | title=Announcing: Open Design Circuits | access-date=2007-10-05 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812185631/http://www.opencollector.org/history/OpenDesignCircuits/reinoud_announce | archive-date=2007-08-12}}</ref>

Ronen Kadushin coined the title "Open Design" in his 2004 Master's thesis, and the term was later formalized in the 2010 Open Design Manifesto.<ref>Alexander Vittouris, Mark Richardson.
[http://www.velomobileseminar.com/downloads/Vittouris_Design-diversity.pdf "Designing for Velomobile Diversity: Alternative opportunities for sustainable personal mobility"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916212029/http://www.velomobileseminar.com/downloads/Vittouris_Design-diversity.pdf |date=2012-09-16 }}.
2012.</ref>