Editing Open Society Foundations (section)

==History==
On May 28, 1984, George Soros signed a contract between the Soros Foundation/New York City and the [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]], the founding document of the Soros Foundation/Budapest.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tény |first=Nóvé Béla |title=Soros |url=http://www.kka.hu/_Kozossegi_Adattar/Azadatt.nsf/02001425b1246fe38525664000665c75/560c780eb85cfd4ac12571aa0042dd56/$FILE/T%C3%A9ny_soros.pdf |place=[[Hungary|HU]] |publisher=KKA}}.</ref> This was followed by several foundations in the region to help countries move away from [[Real socialism|Soviet-style socialism]] in the [[Eastern Bloc]].<ref name="Hoduski-Abbott, Bernadine E. 2003. p75">{{Cite book |last=Hoduski-Abbott |first=Bernadine E. |url=https://archive.org/details/lobbyingforlibra00abbo/page/n81 |title=Lobbying for Libraries and the Public's Access to Government Information |publisher=Scarecrow |year=2003 |isbn=978-0810845855 |location=Lanham |page=75}}</ref>

In 1991, the foundation merged with the {{lang|fr|Fondation pour une Entraide Intellectuelle Européenne}} ("Foundation for European Intellectual Mutual Aid"), an affiliate of the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]], created in 1966 to imbue 'non-conformist' Eastern European scientists with anti-totalitarian and capitalist ideas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guilhot |first=Nicolas |date=January 1, 2006 |title=A Network of Influential Friendships: The Fondation Pour Une Entraide Intellectuelle Européenne and East-West Cultural Dialogue, 1957–1991 |journal=Minerva |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=379–409 |doi=10.1007/s11024-006-9014-y |jstor=41821373 |s2cid=144219865}}</ref>

In 1993, the Open Society Institute was created in the [[United States]] to support the Soros foundations in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Russia]].<ref name=callahan/>

In August 2010, it started using the name Open Society Foundations (OSF) to better reflect its role as a benefactor for civil society groups in countries around the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schrier |first=H. Edward |title=The Battle of the Three Wills: As It Relates to Good & Evil |date=2013 |publisher=[[Author House]] |isbn=978-1481758765 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781481758765/page/338 338]}}</ref>

In 1995, Soros stated that he believed there can be no absolute answers to political questions because the same principle of [[reflexivity (social theory)|reflexivity]] applies as in financial markets.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Soros |first1=George |url=https://archive.org/details/sorosonsorosstay00soro |title=Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve |last2=Wien |first2=Byron |last3=Koenen |first3=Krisztina |publisher=John Wiley |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-471-11977-7 |location=New York |access-date=February 15, 2019}}</ref>

In 2012, [[Christopher Stone (criminal justice expert)|Christopher Stone]] joined the OSF as the second president. He replaced [[Aryeh Neier]], who served as president from 1993 to 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 11, 2011 |title=Criminal Justice Expert Named to Lead Soros Foundations |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/business/christopher-stone-to-lead-soros-open-society-foundations.html |access-date=July 18, 2012}}</ref> Stone announced in September 2017 that he was stepping down as president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2017 |title=What Just Happened at the Open Society Foundations? And What Comes Next? |url=https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2017/9/14/what-just-happened-at-the-open-society-foundations-and-what-comes-next |access-date=September 14, 2017 |publisher=[[Inside Philanthropy]]}}</ref> In January 2018, [[Patrick Gaspard]] was appointed president of the Open Society Foundations.<ref name="opensocietyfoundations.org">{{Cite web |title=Patrick Gaspard Named President of the Open Society Foundations |url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/press-releases/patrick-gaspard-named-president-open-society-foundations |access-date=August 7, 2018}}</ref> He announced in December 2020 that he was stepping down as president. In January 2021, [[Mark Malloch-Brown]] was appointed president of the Open Society Foundations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2020 |title=Patrick Gaspard to Step Down as Head of Open Society Foundations |url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/newsroom/patrick-gaspard-to-step-down-as-head-of-open-society-foundations |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Open Society Foundations}}</ref> On March 11, 2024, OSF announced that Binaifer Nowrojee would start as the group's new president on June 1, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2024|title=Binaifer Nowrojee Appointed New President of Open Society Foundations; Mark Malloch-Brown to Step Down |url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/newsroom/binaifer-nowrojee-appointed-new-president-of-open-society-foundations-mark-malloch-brown-to-step-down |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=Open Society Foundations}}</ref>

In 2016, the OSF was reportedly the target of a [[cyber security attack|cyber security breach]]. Documents and information reportedly belonging to the OSF were published by a website. The cyber security breach has been described as sharing similarities with Russian-linked [[cyberattack]]s that targeted other institutions, such as the [[2016 Democratic National Committee email leak|Democratic National Committee]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2016 |title=Russian Hackers of DNC Said to Nab Secrets From NATO, Soros |publisher=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-11/russian-hackers-of-dnc-said-to-scoop-up-secrets-from-nato-soros |access-date=August 13, 2016}}</ref>

In 2017, Soros transferred $18 billion to the foundation.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chung |first1=Juliet |last2=Das |first2=Anupreeta |date=October 17, 2017 |title=George Soros Transfers $18 Billion to His Foundation, Creating an Instant Giant |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/george-soros-transfers-18-billion-to-his-foundation-creating-an-instant-giant-1508252926 |access-date=October 17, 2017 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

In 2020, Soros announced that he was creating the Open Society University Network (OSUN), endowing the network with $1 billion.<ref name=OSU>{{cite news |last1=Communications |title=George Soros Launches Global Network to Transform Higher Education |url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/newsroom/george-soros-launches-global-network-to-transform-higher-education |access-date=5 January 2023 |work=Open Society Foundations |date=January 23, 2020}}</ref>

In 2023, George Soros handed over the leadership of the foundation to his son [[Alexander Soros]], who soon announced layoffs of 40 percent of staff and "significant changes" to the operating model.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Delouya |first=Samantha |date=2023-06-30 |title=George Soros' foundation lays off 40% of workforce after passing control over to his son |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/30/business/george-soros-foundation-layoffs-after-son-takeover/index.html |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=[[CNN Business]] |language=en}}</ref>