Editing Open access (section)

== Definitions ==
There are different models of open access publishing and publishers may use one or more of these models.

=== Colour naming system ===
Different open access types are currently commonly described using a colour system. The most commonly recognised names are "green", "gold", and "hybrid" open access; however, several other models and alternative terms are also used.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Simard |first1=Marc-André |last2=Ghiasi |first2=Gita |last3=Mongeon |first3=Philippe |last4=Larivière |first4=Vincent |date=2022-08-09 |editor-last=Baccini |editor-first=Alberto |title=National differences in dissemination and use of open access literature |journal=[[PLOS One]] |language=en |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=e0272730 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0272730 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=9362937 |pmid=35943972|bibcode=2022PLoSO..1772730S }}</ref>

==== Gold OA ====
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width = 218
| image1 = DOAJ growth.png
| caption1 = Number of gold open access journals listed in the [[Directory of Open Access Journals]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2013 |title=DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals |url=http://doaj.org/doaj?func=byCountry&uiLanguage=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501070724/http://doaj.org/doaj?func=byCountry&uiLanguage=en |archive-date=1 May 2013 |website=doaj.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morrison |first=Heather |date=31 December 2018 |title=Dramatic Growth of Open Access |journal=Scholars Portal Dataverse |hdl=10864/10660}}</ref>
| image2 = PMC growth.png
| caption2 = Number of gold and hybrid open access journals listed in [[PubMed Central]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=PMC full journal list download |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/#csvfile |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307203024/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/#csvfile |archive-date=7 March 2019 |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=National Center for Biotechnology Information}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NLM Catalog |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/advanced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114073305/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/advanced |archive-date=14 January 2019 |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=National Center for Biotechnology Information}}</ref>
}}In the gold OA model, the publisher makes all articles and related content available for free immediately on the journal's website. In such publications, articles are licensed for sharing and reuse via [[Creative Commons]] licenses or similar.<ref name="suber overview" />
Many gold OA publishers charge an [[article processing charge]]  (APC), which is typically paid through institutional or grant funding. The majority of gold open access journals charging APCs follow an "author-pays" model,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schroter |first1=Sara |last2=Tite |first2=Leanne |date=2006 |title=Open access publishing and author-pays business models: a survey of authors' knowledge and perceptions |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=141–148 |doi=10.1177/014107680609900316  |pmc=1383760 |pmid=16508053}}</ref>
although this is not an intrinsic property of gold OA.<ref name="Eve pp. 1–42">{{cite book | last=Eve | first=Martin Paul | title= Open Access and the Humanities| chapter=Introduction, or why open access? | date=3 December 2023 | publisher=Cambridge Core | doi=10.1017/CBO9781316161012.003 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/open-access-and-the-humanities/introduction-or-why-open-access/31C49315B15F3366C9D3ECEFF72F15D6 | access-date=2020-12-30 | pages=1–42| isbn=9781107097896 }}</ref>

==== Green OA ====

[[Self-archiving]] by authors is permitted under green OA. Independently from publication by a publisher, the author also posts the work to a website controlled by the author, the research institution that funded or hosted the work, or to an independent central open repository, where people can download the work without paying.<ref name="Gadd">{{Cite journal |last1=Gadd |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Troll Covey |first2=Denise |date=1 March 2019 |title=What does 'green' open access mean? Tracking twelve years of changes to journal publisher self-archiving policies |url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21555 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Librarianship and Information Science |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=106–122 |doi=10.1177/0961000616657406 |issn=0961-0006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831011415/https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/What_does_green_open_access_mean_Tracking_twelve_years_of_changes_to_journal_publisher_self-archiving_policies/9491174 |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=28 August 2019 |s2cid=34955879}}</ref>

Green OA is free of charge for the author. Some publishers (less than 5% and decreasing as of 2014) may charge a fee for an additional service<ref name=Gadd/> such as a [[free license]] on the publisher-authored copyrightable portions of the printed version of an article.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Roger |title=Subject Guides: Copyright: Keeping Control of Your Copyright |url=https://libguides.mst.edu/c.php?g=395171&p=2699951 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=libguides.mst.edu |language=en}}</ref>

If the author posts the near-final version of their work after peer review by a journal, the archived version is called a "[[postprint]]". This can be the accepted manuscript as returned by the journal to the author after successful peer review.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bolick |first=Josh |year=2018 |title=Leveraging Elsevier's Creative Commons License Requirement to Undermine Embargoes |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1089&context=scholcom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422180024/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1089&context=scholcom |archive-date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=digitalcommons.unl.edu |format=PDF |via=[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]]}}</ref>

==== Hybrid OA ====
[[Hybrid open-access journal]]s contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Laakso |first1=Mikael |last2=Björk |first2=Bo-Christer |date=2016 |title=Hybrid open access—A longitudinal study |journal=Journal of Informetrics |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=919–932 |doi=10.1016/j.joi.2016.08.002 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Suber|2012|pp=140–141}}</ref> A publisher following this model is partially funded by subscriptions, and only provide open access for those individual articles for which the authors (or research sponsor) pay a publication fee.<ref name="Suber2012">{{harvnb|Suber|2012|p=140}}</ref> Hybrid OA generally costs more than gold OA and can offer a lower quality of service.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Trust |first=Wellcome |date=23 March 2016 |title=Wellcome Trust and COAF Open Access Spend, 2014-15 |url=https://wellcometrust.wordpress.com/2016/03/23/wellcome-trust-and-coaf-open-access-spend-2014-15/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027120604/https://wellcometrust.wordpress.com/2016/03/23/wellcome-trust-and-coaf-open-access-spend-2014-15/ |archive-date=27 October 2019 |access-date=27 October 2019 |website=Wellcome Trust Blog |language=en}}</ref> A particularly controversial practice in hybrid open access journals is "[[Double dipping (publishing)|double dipping]]", where both authors and subscribers are charged.<ref name="Open access double dipping policy">{{Cite web |title=Open access double dipping policy |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/open-access-policies/open-access-journals/double-dipping-policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831011413/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/open-access-policies/open-access-journals/double-dipping-policy |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=Cambridge Core}}</ref> For these reasons, hybrid open access journals have been called a "[[Mephistophelian]] invention",<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=5624290 | date=2017 | last1=Björk | first1=B. C. | title=Growth of hybrid open access, 2009–2016 | journal=PeerJ | volume=5 | pages=e3878 | doi=10.7717/peerj.3878 | pmid=28975059 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and publishing in hybrid OA journals often do not qualify for funding under [[open access mandate]]s, as libraries already pay for subscriptions thus have no financial incentive to fund open access articles in such journals.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lib.sfu.ca/help/publish/scholarly-publishing/radical-access/hybrid-open-choice-journals | title=Open choice vs open access: Why don't "hybrid" journals qualify for the open access fund? |website= Radical Access |publisher=SFU Library | date=26 July 2020 |first1=Ioana |last1=Liuta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831144635/https://www.lib.sfu.ca/help/publish/scholarly-publishing/radical-access/hybrid-open-choice-journals |archive-date= Aug 31, 2023 }}</ref>

==== Bronze OA ====
Bronze open access articles are free to read only on the publisher page, but lack a clearly identifiable license.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Piwowar |first1=Heather |last2=Priem |first2=Jason |last3=Larivière |first3=Vincent |last4=Alperin |first4=Juan Pablo |last5=Matthias |first5=Lisa |last6=Norlander |first6=Bree |last7=Farley |first7=Ashley |last8=West |first8=Jevin |last9=Haustein |first9=Stefanie |date=13 February 2018 |title=The state of OA: a large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles |journal=PeerJ |volume=6 |pages=e4375 |doi=10.7717/peerj.4375 |pmc=5815332 |pmid=29456894 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Such articles are typically not available for reuse.

==== Diamond/platinum OA ====
{{See also|Diamond open access}}
Journals that publish open access without charging authors article processing charges are sometimes referred to as diamond<ref name="fuchs2013" /><ref name="Gaj" /><ref name=":1" /> or platinum<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Machovec |first=George |year=2013 |title=An Interview with Jeffrey Beall on Open Access Publishing |journal=The Charleston Advisor |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=50 |doi=10.5260/chara.15.1.50}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Öchsner |first=A. |title=Introduction to Scientific Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-642-38645-9 |series=SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology |pages=23–29 |chapter=Publishing Companies, Publishing Fees, and Open Access Journals |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-38646-6_4}}</ref> OA. Since they do not charge either readers or authors directly, such publishers often require funding from external sources such as the sale of [[advertisements]], [[academic institution]]s, [[learned society|learned societies]], [[philanthropist]]s or [[government grant]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Normand |first=Stephanie |date=4 April 2018 |title=Is Diamond Open Access the Future of Open Access? |url=https://theijournal.ca/index.php/ijournal/article/view/29482 |url-status=live |journal=The IJournal: Graduate Student Journal of the Faculty of Information |volume=3 |issue=2 |issn=2561-7397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529090738/https://theijournal.ca/index.php/ijournal/article/view/29482 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosenblum |first1=Brian |last2=Greenberg |first2=Marc |last3=Bolick |first3=Josh |last4=Emmett |first4=Ada |last5=Peterson |first5=A. Townsend |date=17 June 2016 |title=Subsidizing truly open access |journal=Science |volume=352 |issue=6292 |pages=1405 |bibcode=2016Sci...352.1405P |doi=10.1126/science.aag0946 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=27313033 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1808/20978 |s2cid=206650745}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=By |date=1 June 2017 |title=Diamond Open Access, Societies and Mission |url=https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2017/06/01/diamond-open-access-societies-mission/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624133849/https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2017/06/01/diamond-open-access-societies-mission/ |archive-date=24 June 2019 |access-date=25 June 2019 |website=The Scholarly Kitchen}}</ref> There are now over 350 platinum OA journals with [[impact factors]] over a wide variety of academic disciplines, giving most academics options for OA with no APCs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=Joshua M. |date=2022 |title=The Rise of Platinum Open Access Journals with Both Impact Factors and Zero Article Processing Charges |journal=Knowledge |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=209–224 |doi=10.3390/knowledge2020013 |issn=2673-9585|doi-access=free }}</ref> Diamond OA journals are available for most disciplines, and are usually small (<25 articles per year) and more likely to be multilingual (38%); thousands of such journals exist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite report|url=https://zenodo.org/record/4558704|title=OA Diamond Journals Study. Part 1: Findings|last1=Bosman|first1=Jeroen|last2=Frantsvåg|first2=Jan Erik|date=2021-03-09|doi=10.5281/zenodo.4558704|last3=Kramer|first3=Bianca|last4=Langlais|first4=Pierre-Carl|last5=Proudman|first5=Vanessa|journal=}}</ref>

==== Black OA ====
{{See also|Shadow library}}[[File:Sci-hub downloads.png|thumb|Download rate for articles on [[Sci-Hub]] (black open access)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Himmelstein |first1=Daniel S |last2=Romero |first2=Ariel Rodriguez |last3=Levernier |first3=Jacob G |last4=Munro |first4=Thomas Anthony |last5=McLaughlin |first5=Stephen Reid |last6=Greshake Tzovaras |first6=Bastian |last7=Greene |first7=Casey S |date=1 March 2018 |title=Sci-Hub provides access to nearly all scholarly literature |url=https://greenelab.github.io/scihub-manuscript/#fig:downloads |url-status=live |journal=eLife |volume=7 |doi=10.7554/eLife.32822 |issn=2050-084X |pmc=5832410 |pmid=29424689 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521022258/https://greenelab.github.io/scihub-manuscript/#fig:downloads |archive-date=21 May 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref>]]
The growth of unauthorized digital copying by large-scale copyright infringement has enabled free access to [[paywall]]ed literature.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Björk |first=Bo-Christer |date=2017 |title=Gold, green, and black open access |journal=Learned Publishing |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=173–175 |doi=10.1002/leap.1096 |issn=1741-4857 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Toby |date=2017 |title=We've failed: Pirate black open access is trumping green and gold and we must change our approach |journal=Learned Publishing |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=325–329 |doi=10.1002/leap.1116 |issn=1741-4857 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This has been done via existing social media sites (e.g. the [[ICanHazPDF|#ICanHazPDF]] hashtag) as well as dedicated sites (e.g. [[Sci-hub|Sci-Hub]]).<ref name=":17" /> In some ways this is a large-scale technical implementation of pre-existing practice, whereby those with access to paywalled literature would share copies with their contacts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bohannon |first=John |date=28 April 2016 |title=Who's downloading pirated papers? Everyone |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.352.6285.508 |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=352 |issue=6285 |pages=508–12 |doi=10.1126/science.352.6285.508 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=27126020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513024954/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/whos-downloading-pirated-papers-everyone |archive-date=13 May 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greshake |first=Bastian |date=21 April 2017 |title=Looking into Pandora's Box: The Content of Sci-Hub and its Usage |journal=F1000Research |volume=6 |pages=541 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.11366.1 |issn=2046-1402 |pmc=5428489 |pmid=28529712 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jamali |first=Hamid R. |date=1 July 2017 |title=Copyright compliance and infringement in ResearchGate full-text journal articles |journal=Scientometrics |language=en |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=241–254 |doi=10.1007/s11192-017-2291-4 |issn=1588-2861 |s2cid=189875585}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Swab |first1=Michelle |last2=Romme |first2=Kristen |date=1 April 2016 |title=Scholarly Sharing via Twitter: #icanhazpdf Requests for Health Sciences Literature |journal=Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1 |doi=10.5596/c16-009 |issn=1708-6892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, the increased ease and scale from 2010 onwards have changed how many people treat subscription publications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKenzie |first=Lindsay |date=27 July 2017 |title=Sci-Hub's cache of pirated papers is so big, subscription journals are doomed, data analyst suggests |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/sci-hub-s-cache-pirated-papers-so-big-subscription-journals-are-doomed-data-analyst |url-status=live |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.aan7164 |issn=0036-8075 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517023044/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/sci-hub-s-cache-pirated-papers-so-big-subscription-journals-are-doomed-data-analyst |archive-date=17 May 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Gratis and libre ===
{{main|Gratis versus libre}}
Similar to the [[free content]] definition, the terms [[Gratis versus libre|'gratis' and 'libre']] were used in the [[Budapest Open Access Initiative]] definition to distinguish between free to read versus free to reuse.<ref name="Gratis and Libre Open Access">{{Cite web |last=Suber |first=Peter |date=2008 |title=Gratis and Libre Open Access |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4322580 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170310160505/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4322580 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2017 |access-date=3 December 2011}}</ref>

{{anchor|Free access}}Gratis open access ({{free access}}) refers to free online access, to read, free of charge, without re-use rights.<ref name="Gratis and Libre Open Access" />

{{anchor|Open access}}Libre open access ({{open access}}) also refers to free online access, to read, free of charge, plus some additional re-use rights,<ref name="Gratis and Libre Open Access" /> covering the kinds of open access defined in the [[Budapest Open Access Initiative]], the [[Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing]] and the [[Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities]]. The re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific [[Creative Commons license]]s;<ref name="Suber 2012 68–69">{{harvnb|Suber|2012|pp=68–69}}</ref> all of which require as a minimum [[Attribution (copyright)|attribution of authorship]] to the original authors.<ref name="Gratis and Libre Open Access" /><ref name="Suber statements">{{harvnb|Suber|2012|pp=7–8}}</ref> In 2012, the number of works under libre open access was considered to have been rapidly increasing for a few years, though most [[open-access mandate]]s did not enforce any copyright license and it was difficult to publish libre gold OA in legacy journals.<ref name=":0" /> However, there are no costs nor restrictions for green libre OA as preprints can be freely self-deposited with a free license, and most open-access repositories use [[Creative Commons]] licenses to allow reuse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balaji |first1=B. |last2=Dhanamjaya |first2=M. |date=2019 |title=Preprints in Scholarly Communication: Re-Imagining Metrics and Infrastructures |journal=Publications |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.3390/publications7010006 |doi-access=free}}></ref> The biggest drawback of many Open Access licenses is a prohibition on [[data mining]].  For this reason, many [[big data]] studies of various technologies performed by [[economists]] ( as well as [[machine learning]] by [[computer scientists]]) are limited to [[patent analysis]], since the patent documents are not subject to copyright at all.

=== FAIR ===
{{Main|FAIR data}}
[[FAIR data|FAIR]] is an acronym for 'findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable', intended to more clearly define what is meant by the term 'open access' and make the concept easier to discuss.<ref name="FAIR principles 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Mark D. |last2=Dumontier |first2=Michel |last3=Aalbersberg |first3=IJsbrand Jan |last4=Appleton |first4=Gabrielle |last5=Axton |first5=Myles |last6=Baak |first6=Arie |last7=Blomberg |first7=Niklas |last8=Boiten |first8=Jan-Willem |last9=da Silva Santos |first9=Luiz Bonino |last10=Bourne |first10=Philip E. |last11=Bouwman |first11=Jildau |display-authors=4 |date=15 March 2016 |title=The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship |journal=Scientific Data |volume=3 |pages=160018 |bibcode=2016NatSD...360018W |doi=10.1038/sdata.2016.18 |oclc=961158301 |pmc=4792175 |pmid=26978244 |last12=Brookes |first12=Anthony J. |last13=Clark |first13=Tim |last14=Crosas |first14=Mercè |last15=Dillo |first15=Ingrid |last16=Dumon |first16=Olivier |last17=Edmunds |first17=Scott |last18=Evelo |first18=Chris T. |last19=Finkers |first19=Richard |last20=Gonzalez-Beltran |first20=Alejandra |last21=Gray |first21=Alasdair J.G. |last22=Groth |first22=Paul |last23=Goble |first23=Carole |last24=Grethe |first24=Jeffrey S. |last25=Heringa |first25=Jaap |last26='t Hoen |first26=Peter A.C |last27=Hooft |first27=Rob |last28=Kuhn |first28=Tobias |last29=Kok |first29=Ruben |last30=Kok |first30=Joost |last31=Lusher |first31=Scott J. |last32=Martone |first32=Maryann E. |last33=Mons |first33=Albert |last34=Packer |first34=Abel L. |last35=Persson |first35=Bengt |last36=Rocca-Serra |first36=Philippe |last37=Roos |first37=Marco |last38=van Schaik |first38=Rene |last39=Sansone |first39=Susanna-Assunta |last40=Schultes |first40=Erik |last41=Sengstag |first41=Thierry |last42=Slater |first42=Ted |last43=Strawn |first43=George |last44=Swertz |first44=Morris A. |last45=Thompson |first45=Mark |last46=van der Lei |first46=Johan |last47=van Mulligen |first47=Erik |last48=Velterop |first48=Jan |last49=Waagmeester |first49=Andra |last50=Wittenburg |first50=Peter |last51=Wolstencroft |first51=Katherine |last52=Zhao |first52=Jun |last53=Mons |first53=Barend|issue=1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Mark D. |last2=da Silva Santos |first2=Luiz Olavo Bonino |last3=Dumontier |first3=Michel |last4=Velterop |first4=Jan |last5=Neylon |first5=Cameron |last6=Mons |first6=Barend |date=1 January 2017 |title=Cloudy, increasingly FAIR; revisiting the FAIR Data guiding principles for the European Open Science Cloud |journal=Information Services & Use |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.3233/ISU-170824 |issn=0167-5265 |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11937/53669|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Initially proposed in March 2016, it has subsequently been endorsed by organisations such as the [[European Commission]] and the [[G20]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2016 |title=European Commission embraces the FAIR principles |url=https://www.dtls.nl/2016/04/20/european-commission-allocates-e2-billion-to-make-research-data-fair/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720134337/https://www.dtls.nl/2016/04/20/european-commission-allocates-e2-billion-to-make-research-data-fair/ |archive-date=20 July 2018 |access-date=31 July 2019 |website=Dutch Techcentre for Life Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=G20 Leaders' Communique Hangzhou Summit |url=https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-16-2967_en.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731041057/https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-16-2967_en.htm |archive-date=31 July 2019 |access-date=31 July 2019 |website=europa.eu}}</ref> Note, however, that FAIR principles include "A1.2: The protocol allows for an authentication and authorisation procedure where necessary."<ref>{{cite web | title=A1.2: The protocol allows for an authentication and authorisation procedure where necessary | website=GO FAIR | date=2022-06-14 | url=https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/a1-2-protocol-allows-authentication-authorisation-required/ }}</ref> This means that a FAIR dataset may be either closed (restricted access) or open (no access restrictions). So, only FAIR data without access restrictions are open access.