Editing Opioid (section)

==Terminology==
[[File:Opiates v opioids.png|thumb|600px|class=skin-invert-image|alt=Opiates v. opioids with chemical structures indicated. Many classical opiates are also referred to as opioids in modern nomenclature.|[[Opiate]]s and opioids with chemical structures indicated. Many classical opiates are also referred to as opioids in modern nomenclature.]]

Opioids include ''[[opiate]]s'', an older term that refers to such drugs derived from [[opium]], including [[morphine]] itself.<ref name="Offermanns">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iwwo5gx8aX8C&q=903|title=Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology|last=Offermanns|first=Stefan|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2008|isbn=978-3-540-38916-3|edition=2|volume=1|page=903|quote=In the strict sense, opiates are drugs derived from opium and include the natural products morphine, codeine, thebaine and many semi-synthetic congeners derived from them. The term opioids applies to any substance, whether endogenous or synthetic, peptidic or non-peptidic, that produces morphine-like effects through action on opioid receptors.}}</ref> ''Opiate'' is properly limited to the natural [[alkaloid]]s found in the resin of the [[Papaver somniferum|opium poppy]] although some include semi-synthetic derivatives.<ref name="Offermanns" /><ref name="Davies-2012">{{Cite book|title = Compact Clinical Guide to Cancer Pain Management: An Evidence-Based Approach for Nurses|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7ob0jFPNhOMC|publisher = Springer Publishing Company|date = 26 September 2012|isbn = 978-0-8261-0974-3 | first1 = Pamela Stitzlein | last1 = Davies | first2 = Yvonne M. | last2 = D'Arcy }}</ref> Other opioids are [[Chemical synthesis|semi-synthetic and synthetic]] drugs such as [[hydrocodone]], [[oxycodone]], and [[fentanyl]]; antagonist drugs such as [[naloxone]]; and [[Opioid peptide|endogenous peptides]] such as [[endorphins]].<ref name="Freye-2008">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybtX0GZGhk8C&pg=PA85|title=Opioids in Medicine: A Comprehensive Review on the Mode of Action and the Use of Analgesics in Different Clinical Pain States|last=Freye|first=Enno|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4020-5947-6|page=85|chapter=Part II. Mechanism of action of opioids and clinical effects|quote=Opiate is a specific term that is used to describe drugs (natural and semi-synthetic) derived from the juice of the opium poppy. For example morphine is an opiate but methadone (a completely synthetic drug) is not. Opioid is a general term that includes naturally occurring, semi-synthetic, and synthetic drugs, which produce their effects by combining with opioid receptors and are competitively antagonized by nalaxone. In this context the term opioid refers to opioid agonists, opioid antagonists, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors.}}</ref> The terms ''opiate'' and ''[[narcotic]]'' are sometimes encountered as synonyms for opioid. ''Narcotic'', derived from words meaning 'numbness' or 'sleep', originally referred to any [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] compound with numbing or paralyzing properties.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anstie |first1=Francis Edmund |title=Stimulants and Narcotics, Their Mutual Relations: With Special Researches on the Action of Alcohol, Aether and Chloroform on the Vital Organism |year=1865 |publisher=Lindsay and Blakiston |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBULAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA152 |language=en}}</ref> As an American legal term, ''narcotic'' refers to [[cocaine]] and opioids, and their source materials; it is also loosely applied to any illegal or controlled psychoactive drug.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 21 U.S. Code § 802 – Definitions|url = https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/802|website = LII / Legal Information Institute|access-date = 12 February 2016|archive-date = 25 January 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210125183014/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/802|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Definition of NARCOTIC|url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/narcotic|website = www.merriam-webster.com|access-date = 12 February 2016|archive-date = 14 November 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201114184715/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/narcotic|url-status = live}}</ref> In some jurisdictions all controlled drugs are legally classified as ''narcotics''. The term can have pejorative connotations and its use is generally discouraged where that is the case.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h2drCgAAQBAJ|publisher = Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn = 978-81-312-4371-8| vauthors = Satoskar RS, Rege N, Bhandarkar SD |year = 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Behavioral and Psychopharmacologic Pain Management|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RORnRRghGeYC|publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn = 978-1-139-49354-3|first1 = Michael H.|last1 = Ebert|first2 = Robert D.|last2 = Kerns |year = 2010}}</ref>