Editing Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (section)

==History==

===Origins ===
[[File:Padre-Matteo-de-Bascio.gif|thumb|[[Matteo Bassi]] (1495–1552), co-founder of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin]]
[[File:Bernardino Ochino.jpg|thumb|[[Bernardino Ochino]] (1487–1564), co-founder of the Capuchin Order]]

The Order arose in 1525 when [[Matteo da Bascio]], an [[Order of Friars Minor|Observant Franciscan friar]]<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Capuchins}}</ref> native to the Italian region of [[Marche]], said he had been inspired by God with the idea that the manner of life led by the friars of his day was not the one which their founder, [[St. Francis of Assisi]], had envisaged.<ref name=EB1911/> He sought to return to the primitive way of life of solitude and penance, as practised by the founder of their Order.

His [[religious superior]]s tried to suppress these innovations<ref name=EB1911/> and Friar Matteo and his first companions were forced into hiding from Church authorities, who sought to arrest them for having abandoned their religious duties. They were given refuge by the [[Camaldolese]] monks, in gratitude for which they later adopted the hood (or [[Chaperon (headgear)|''cappuccio'']], ''[[capuche]]'') worn by that Order—which was the mark of a [[hermit]] in that region of Italy—and the practise of wearing a beard. The popular name of their Order originates from this feature of their [[religious habit]].

In 1528, Friar Matteo obtained the approval of [[Pope Clement VII]] and was given permission to live as a hermit and to go about everywhere preaching to the poor. These permissions were not only for himself, but for all such as might join him in the attempt to restore the most literal observance possible of the [[Rule of St. Francis]]. Matteo and the original band were soon joined by others. Matteo and his companions were formed into a separate [[ecclesiastical province|province]], called the Hermit Friars Minor, as a branch of the [[Conventual Franciscans]], but with a [[Vicar]] Provincial of their own, subject to the jurisdiction of the Minister General of the Conventuals. The Observants, the other branch of the Franciscan Order at that time, continued to oppose the movement.

===Rules of the Order===
In 1529, they had four houses and held their first [[General Chapter]], at which their particular rules were drawn up. The [[Hermit|eremitical]] idea was abandoned, but the life was to be one of extreme austerity, simplicity and poverty—in all things as near an approach to St Francis' ideals as was practicable. Neither the monasteries nor the Province should possess anything, nor were any loopholes left for evading this law. No large provision against temporal wants should be made, and the supplies in the house should never exceed what was necessary for a few days. Everything was to be obtained by begging, and the friars were not allowed even to touch money.

The communities were to be small, eight being fixed as the normal number and twelve as the limit. In furniture and clothing extreme simplicity was enjoined and the friars were [[discalced]], required to go bare-footed—without even sandals. Like the Observants, the Capuchins wore a brown habit but of most simple form, i.e. only a [[tunic]], with the distinctive large, pointed hood reaching to the waist attached to it, girdled by the traditional woolen [[rope|cord]] with three knots. By visual analogy, the [[Capuchin monkey]] and the [[cappuccino]] style of coffee are both named after the shade of brown used for their habit.<ref name=Fragaszy>
{{cite book
 |author=Fragaszy
 |title=The complete capuchin : the biology of the genus Cebus
 |publisher=Cambridge University Press
 |isbn=978-0-521-66116-4
 |year=2004
 |oclc=55875701
 |page=5
 |display-authors=et al
}}</ref><ref>Capuchin monkeys also have "hoodlike tufts of hair" on their heads. Entry, "capuchin" in ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'' (1976), Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nellositaly.com/the-culture-of-italian-coffee.html |title=The Culture of Italian Coffee |access-date=2011-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305132356/http://www.nellositaly.com/the-culture-of-italian-coffee.html |archive-date=2011-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Besides the [[canon law|canonical]] [[choir|choral]] celebration of the [[Liturgy of the Hours|Divine Office]], a portion of which was recited at midnight, there were two hours of private prayer daily. The [[fasting|fast]]s and disciplines were rigorous and frequent. Their main external work was [[preaching]] and spiritual ministrations among the poor. In [[theology]] the Capuchins abandoned the later Franciscan School of [[Scotism|Scotus]] and returned to the earlier school of [[Bonaventure|St. Bonaventure]].

===Early setbacks===
At the outset of its history, the Capuchins underwent a series of severe blows. Two of the founders left it: Matteo Serafini of Bascio ([[Matteo Bassi]]) returning to the Observants, while his first companion, on being replaced in the office of Vicar Provincial, became so insubordinate that he had to be expelled from the Order. Even more scandalously, the third Vicar General, [[Bernardino Ochino]], left the Catholic faith in 1543 after fleeing to [[Switzerland]], where he was welcomed by [[John Calvin]], became a [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] [[pastor]] in [[Zürich]], and married. Years later, claims that he had written in favor of [[polygamy]] and [[Unitarianism]] caused him to be exiled from that city and he fled again, first to Poland and then to Moravia, where he died.

As a result, the whole province came under the suspicion of [[heresy|heretical]] tendencies and the [[Pope]]{{specify|date=March 2019}} resolved to suppress it. He was dissuaded with difficulty, but the Capuchins were forbidden to preach.

===Expansion===
Despite earlier setbacks, the authorities were eventually satisfied as to the soundness of the general body of Capuchin friars and the permission to preach was restored. The movement then began to multiply rapidly, and by the end of the 16th century the Capuchins had spread all over the Catholic parts of Europe, so that in 1619 they were freed from their dependence on the Conventual Franciscans and became an independent Order. They are said to have had at that time 1500 houses divided into fifty provinces. They were one of the chief tools in the Catholic Counter-reformation, the aim of the order being to work among the poor, impressing the minds of the common people by the poverty and austerity of their life, and sometimes with sensationalist preaching such as their use of the supposedly possessed [[Martha Broissier|Marthe Brossier]] to arouse Paris against the [[Huguenots]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2TJeVkAMz5sC&dq=capuchin+bartholomew's+massacre&pg=PA48 ''The crime of crimes: demonology and politics in France, 1560–1620''], Jonathan L. Pearl, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, 1999 {{ISBN|0-88920-296-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-88920-296-2}}</ref>

The activities of the Capuchins were not confined to Europe. From an early date they undertook missions to non-Catholics in America, Asia and Africa, and a college was founded in Rome for the purpose of preparing their members for foreign missions. Due to this strong missionary thrust, a large number of Capuchins have suffered [[martyrdom]] over the centuries. Activity in Europe and elsewhere continued until the close of the 18th century, when the number of Capuchin friars was estimated at 31,000.

===Cimitero dei Cappuccini: The Capuchin Crypt===
[[File:Cripta Cappuccini.jpg|right|thumb|The remains of 4,000 [[friars]] adorn the [[ossuary]] of the [[Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini|Santa Maria della Concezione]]]]

The crypt is located just under the Church of [[Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini|Santa Maria della Concezione]] in Rome, a church commissioned by [[Pope Urban VIII]] in 1626. The pope's brother, Cardinal [[Antonio Barberini]], who was of the Capuchin Order, in 1631 ordered the remains of thousands of Capuchin friars exhumed and transferred from the [[friary]] on the Via dei Lucchesi to the crypt. The bones were arranged along the walls in varied designs, and the friars began to bury their own dead here, as well as the bodies of poor Romans whose tomb was under the floor of the present Mass chapel. Here the Capuchins would come to pray and reflect each evening before retiring for the night.

The [[crypt]], or [[ossuary]], now contains the remains of 4,000 friars buried between 1500 and 1870, during which time the [[Roman Catholic Church]] permitted burial in and under churches. The underground crypt is divided into five [[chapel]]s, lit only by dim natural light seeping in through cracks, and small [[fluorescent lamp]]s. The crypt walls are decorated extensively with the remains, depicting various religious themes. Some of the skeletons are intact and draped with Franciscan [[religious habit|habits]], but for the most part, individual bones are used to create the elaborate ornamental designs.

A [[:wikt:plaque|plaque]] in the [[chapel]] reads:

''What you are now, we used to be.''<br>''What we are now, you will be.''<ref>[http://www.thesilent45.com/2008/02/crypto-archeologico-capuchin-crypts.html Capuchin Crypt Placard] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022085756/http://www.thesilent45.com/2008/02/crypto-archeologico-capuchin-crypts.html |date=2008-10-22 }}, Crypto Archeologico: Capuchin Crypts</ref>

[[Mark Twain]] visited the crypt in the summer of 1867, and begins Volume 2, Chapter 1, of ''[[The Innocents Abroad]]'' with five pages of his observations.