Editing Oreopithecus (section)

==Evolutionary history==
''Oreopithecus bambolii'' was first described by French paleontologist [[Paul Gervais]] in 1872,<ref>Paul Gervais, 1872, "Sur un singe fossile, d'espèce non encore décrite, qui a été decouvert au Monte-Bamboli (Italie)", ''Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences''. '''74''': 1217–1223</ref><ref>Gervais, P. 1872. "Coup d'oeil sur les mammifères d'Ialie, suivie de la description d'une espèce nouvelle de singe provenant des lignites du Monte Bamboli". ''Journal de Zoologie'' '''1''': 219-235</ref> after the discovery of a juvenile mandible in a lignite mine at Montebamboli in 1862 by Tito Nardi, who donate the specimen to Professor [[Igino Cocchi]].<ref>Cioppi, E., Sozzi, M., & Pieraccioli, R. (2024). 150 years of discoveries, research and debates on Oreopitechus bambolii Gervais, 1872. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 63(2), 110.</ref> In 1890, nearly a dozen new specimens were reported by Guiseppe Ristori, among them an upper jaw.<ref>Ristori, G. 1890. "Le Scimmie fossile italiane". ''Bollettino del Reale Comitato geologico d'Italia''. '''21''': 178-196, 225-234</ref> In 1898, a left lower jaw was described by Felice Ottolenghi.<ref>Ottolenghi F. 1898. "Nota sopra una scimmia fossile italiana". ''Atti della Società Ligustica di Scienze Naturali e Geografiche'', '''9''': 399-403</ref> In 1907, Giuseppe Merciai reported four maxillae and a lower jaw from the Grosseto mine at Ribolla.<ref>Merciai G. 1907. "Sopra alcuni resti di vertebrati miocenici delle ligniti di Ribolla". ''Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie, Serie A'', '''23''': 79-86</ref> During this period there was no consensus whether ''Oreopithecus'' was a monkey or an ape.<ref>Delson, E. 1986. "An anthropoid enigma: historical introduction to the study of ''Oreopithecus bambolii''". ''Journal of Human Evolution'' '''15''': 523–531</ref>

From 1949 onwards, Swiss paleontologist [[Johannes Hürzeler]] began to restudy the known material.<ref>Hürzeler J. 1949. "Neubeschreibung von ''Oreopithecus bambolii'' Gervais". ''Schweizerische Paläontologische Abhandlungen'', '''66''': 1-20</ref><ref>Hürzeler, J. 1952. "Contribution à l'étude de la dentition de lait d' ''Oreopithecus bambolii'' Gervais". ''Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae'' '''44''': 404-411</ref> In 1954, 1955, 1956, and 1958, he claimed ''Oreopithecus'' were a true hominin—based on its premolars, short jaws and reduced [[Canine tooth|canines]], at the time considered diagnostic of the hominin family.<ref>Hürzeler J. 1954. "Zur systematischen Stellung von ''Oreopithecus''". ''Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft (Basel)'' '''65''': 88–95</ref><ref>Hürzeler, J. 1956. "''Oreopithecus'', un point de repère pour l'histoire de l'humanité a l'ère Tertiare". ''Problèmes Actuels de Paléontologie'', pp. 115-121. Paris: CNRS</ref><ref>Johannes Hürzeler, 1958, "''Oreopithecus bambolii'' Gervais: a preliminary report", ''Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Basel''. '''69''': 1–47</ref> This hypothesis immediately became a hotly discussed topic among his fellow paleontolgists.<ref>Koenigswald, G.H.R. von, I955, "Remarks on ''Oreopithecus''". ''Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche''. '''10''': 1-11</ref><ref>Viret, J. 1955. "A propos de l'Oreopithèque". ''Mammalia'' '''19''': 320-324</ref><ref>Remane, A. 1955. "Ist ''Oreopithecus'' ein Hominide?" ''Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur zu Mainz'' '''12''': 467-497</ref><ref>Loren C. Eiseley, 1956, "Oreopithecus: Humunculus or Monkey?", ''Scientific American'' '''194'''(6): 91-104</ref><ref>Straus W.L. Jr. 1957. "''Oreopithecus bambolii''". ''Science'' '''126''': 345-346</ref> When he toured the world to give a series of lectures, his views generated an enormous press coverage, often being presented as a challenge to the Darwinian descent of man from apes.<ref>Clara Florensa, 2016, "‘Darwin was Wrong.’ The International Media Coverage of the ''Oreopithecus''’ Reinterpretation (1956–1959)", ''Centaurus'' '''58'''(3): 219-238</ref> After Hürzeler was invited to give a lecture in [[New York (state)|New York]] in March 1956, the [[Wenner-Gren Foundation]] decided to finance excavations in Italy, with the cooperation of the Italian paleontologist [[Alberto Carlo Blanc]]. On 2 August 1958, Hürzeler's views seemed to be confirmed when he discovered a complete skeleton in [[Baccinello]],<ref>Straus W.L. Jr. 1958. "A new ''Oreopithecus'' skeleton". ''Science'' '''128''': 523</ref> which in 1960 he interpreted as a [[Bipedalism|biped]] because of the short [[pelvis]] was closer to those of hominins than those of [[chimpanzee]]s and [[gorilla]]s.<ref>Hürzeler, J. 1960. "The significance of ''Oreopithecus'' in the genealogy of man". ''Triangle'' '''4''': 164-175</ref> Hominin affinities claimed for ''Oreopithecus'' remained controversial for decades until new analyses in the 1990s reasserted that ''Oreopithecus'' was directly related to ''[[Dryopithecus]]''. The peculiar cranial and dental features were explained as consequences of [[Island|insular]] isolation.

This new evidence confirmed that ''Oreopithecus'' was bipedal but also revealed that its peculiar form of bipedalism was much different from that of ''[[Australopithecus]]''. The [[hallux]] formed a 100°&nbsp;angle with the other toes, which enabled the foot to act as a tripod in erect posture, but prevented ''Oreopithecus'' from developing a fast bipedal stride. When a land bridge broke the isolation of the Tusco-Sardinian area {{mya|6.5}}, large predators such as ''[[Machairodus]]'' and ''[[Metailurus]]'' were present among the new generation of European immigrants and ''Oreopithecus'' faced quick extinction together with other endemic genera.<ref name="Agustí"/><!-- ref for para, mostly pp. 197–199 -->{{efn|A parallel to the [[Great American Interchange]] two million years later.}}

===Taxonomic classification===
Known as the "enigmatic [[hominoid]]", ''Oreopithecus'' can dramatically rewrite the palaeontological map depending on whether it is a descendant of the European ape ''[[Dryopithecus]]'' or an African [[Anthropoidea|anthropoid]].<ref name="Agustí"/> Some have suggested the unique locomotory behavior of ''Oreopithecus'' requires a revision of the current consensus on the timing of bipedality in human developmental history, but there is limited agreement on this point among [[paleontologist]]s.

Simons (1960) considered ''Oreopithecus'' closely related to the early Oligocene ''[[Apidium]]'', a small arboreal anthropoid that lived nearly 34&nbsp;million years ago in Egypt.<ref name="Simons-1960">{{harvnb|Simons|1960}}</ref> ''Oreopithecus'' shows strong links to modern apes in its [[postcranium]] and, in this respect, it is the most modern Miocene ape below the neck, with closest similarities to the postcranial elements of ''[[Dryopithecus]]'', but its dentition is adapted to a leafy diet and a close link is uncertain. Others claim it to be either the sister taxon to [[Cercopithecoidea]] or an even direct human ancestor, but it is usually placed in its own subfamily within [[Hominidae]]. It could instead be added to the same subfamily as ''Dryopithecus'', perhaps as a distinct tribe (Oreopithecini).<ref name="Delson-2000">{{harvnb|Delson|Tattersall|Van Couvering|2000| p=465}}</ref> A cladistic analysis of ''Nyanzapithecus alesi'' recovers ''Oreopithecus'' as a member of the proconsulid subfamily [[Nyanzapithecinae]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Isaiah |last1=Nengo |first2=Paul |last2=Tafforeau |first3=Christopher C. |last3=Gilbert |first4=John G. |last4=Fleagle |first5=Ellen R. |last5=Miller |first6=Craig |last6=Feibel |first7=David L. |last7=Fox |first8=Josh |last8=Feinberg |first9=Kelsey D. |last9=Pugh |first10=Camille |last10=Berruyer |first11=Sara |last11=Mana |first12=Zachary |last12=Engle |first13=Fred |last13=Spoor |display-authors=6 |year=2017 |title=New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution |journal=Nature |volume=548 |issue=7666 |pages=169–174 |doi=10.1038/nature23456|pmid=28796200 |bibcode=2017Natur.548..169N |s2cid=4397839 |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1570349/1/Spoor_Nengo-et-al_text.pdf }}</ref> A 2023 phylogenetic analysis suggested found a close relationship with [[gibbon]]s, though the author suggested that this was likely due to having a similar climbing lifestyle and retained plesiomorphies, rather than a real close relationship, but suggested that it was unlikely that ''Oreopithecus'' was a member of Hominidae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pugh |first=Kelsey D. |date=April 2022 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of Middle-Late Miocene apes |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=165 |pages=103140 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103140|doi-access=free |pmid=35272113 |bibcode=2022JHumE.16503140P }}</ref>