Editing Organic architecture (section)

==History==

=== Frank Lloyd Wright ===
The term "organic architecture" was coined by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] (1867–1959); it was a continuation and nuancing of the principles of his master, Louis Sullivan, whose slogan "form follows function" became contemporary architecture's watchwords. Wright altered the statement to "form and function are one," citing nature as the clearest illustration of such integration. A consistent thread runs across his whole body of work, which the architect refers to as 'Organic Architecture'. In this situation, some people view the term 'organic' as a synonym for 'natural,' connecting Organic Architecture with the use of curved and free forms, replicating natural shapes, or using environmentally friendly materials. This is to misinterpret the term. While natural materials are frequently used in Organic Architecture to strengthen the link between the interior and the outside world, this is a result rather than a philosophy. In actuality, Organic Architecture is not a stylistic or aesthetic movement, but rather a specific technique or, more accurately, a philosophy.

Wright created the ultimate masterpiece of organic architecture, Fallingwater, which best demonstrates his organic architecture philosophy: the harmonious union of art and nature. Fallingwater <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fallingwater |url=https://franklloydwright.org/site/fallingwater/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation |language=en}}</ref> is the residence Wright designed for the Kaufmann family in rural Pennsylvania. Wright had many choices to locate a home on this large site but chose to place the home directly over the waterfall and creek creating a close, clamorous dialog with the rushing water and the steep site. The horizontal striations of stone masonry with daring [[cantilever]]s of colored beige concrete blend with native rock outcroppings and the wooded environment.

==== Japanese Architecture ====
The primary components of organic architecture, which result in the inner harmony of an architectural building, are paradigmatic for Japanese architecture. Throughout history, those values have been defined and positioned at the forefront of total harmony, which has become the essence of Japanese culture. Using Japanese architecture as an example, Wright was able to verify the validity and solidity of his organic architecture ideas. Wright believed that traditional Japanese architecture embodied many of his theory's 'organic' qualities. When Wright created his designs in Japan, he attracted pupils and admirers, and his influence on the development of Japanese architecture is still felt today.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Konovalova |first=Nina |date=2020 |title=Organic Architecture of Japan |url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125944760 |language=en |publisher=Atlantis Press |doi=10.2991/assehr.k.200923.026 |isbn=978-94-6239-056-0|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Rådhuset metro station June 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Exposed [[bedrock]] at the [[Rådhuset metro station]]]]

=== Rudolf Steiner ===
[[Rudolf Steiner]], an esoteric philosopher, social reformer and architect, is also a significant player in organic architecture history. He is best known today for the Steiner concept of education or [[Waldorf education|Waldorf schools]], as well as being the father of the biodynamic approach to agriculture, but he also created a number of structures in the early 1900s and introduced his ideas about transformation into architecture. The original [[Goetheanum]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paull |first=John |date=2022-07-05 |title=Goetheanum II: Masterpiece of Organic Architecture by Rudolf Steiner |url=https://www.ej-arch.org/index.php/arch/article/view/9 |journal=European Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning |language=en |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.24018/ejarch.2022.1.4.9 |issn=2796-1168}}</ref> he constructed was an early example of organic architecture; but, due to fire, it was redesigned and replaced by the second, concrete and organically formed Goetheanum building, a cultural and spiritual center for the artists.<ref>Sokolina, Anna. "Modernist Topologies: The Goetheanum in Building." In ''Modernity and Construction of Sacred Space'', edited by Aaron French and Katharina Waldner, 149–168. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2024. ISBN 9783111061382 and 9783111062624. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111062624-008.</ref>

Other modernist architects in the U.S., Europe, and elsewhere held complementarily and often competing views of how architecture could best emulate nature. Key figures in the U.S. included [[Louis Sullivan]], [[Claude Bragdon]], [[Eugene Tsui]] and [[Paul Laffoley]] while among European modernists [[Hugo Häring]], [[Arthur Dyson]], [[Hans Scharoun]], and [[Rudolf Steiner]]<ref>Paull, John (2020). [https://www.academia.edu/42967594/The_First_Goetheanum_A_Centenary_for_Organic_Architecture The First Goetheanum: A Centenary for Organic Architecture],  Journal of Fine Arts. 3 (2): 1–11</ref> stand out. Following World War II, organic architecture often reflected cybernetic and informatics models of life, as is reflected in the later work of futurist architect [[Buckminster Fuller]].

In his book The Breaking Wave: New Organic Architecture, Architect and planner- David Pearson created the Gaia Charter, a set of rules for organic architecture. Pearson draws inspiration from various movements, including Celtic design, Art Nouveau, Arts and Crafts, and Antoni Gaudí's work.

"Let the design:

* be inspired by nature and be sustainable, healthy, conserving, and diverse.
* unfold, like an organism, from the seed within.
* exist in the "continuous present" and "begin again and again".
* follow the flows and be flexible and adaptable.
* satisfy social, physical, and spiritual needs.
* "grow out of the site" and be unique.
* celebrate the spirit of youth, play, and surprise.
* express the rhythm of music and the power of dance."<ref>Pearson, David (2001). The Breaking Wave: New Organic Architecture (Stroud: Gaia), p. 72</ref>

There are contemporary creations of organic architecture. The definition of 'organic' has dramatically changed during recent times. Avoiding materials of construction that require more [[embodied energy]] to build and sustain it, when the building blends naturally and sits seamlessly to its surroundings, reflecting cultural continuity, it is 'organic' and is idealistic. Examples include leaving natural material, such as [[bedrock]], exposed and unsculptured, such as the underground [[Rådhuset metro station]] in [[Stockholm]], which appears to occupy a natural cave system.