Editing Orphanage (section)

==History==
[[File: Jan de Bray 001.jpg|thumb|Caring for orphans, by Dutch artist [[Jan de Bray]], 1663]]

The Romans formed their first orphanages around 400 AD. [[Halakha|Jewish law]] prescribed care for the widow and the orphan, and [[History of Athens|Athenian law]] supported all orphans of those killed in [[military service]] until the [[Age of majority|age of eighteen]]. Plato (''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'', 927) says: "Orphans should be placed under the care of public guardians. Men should have a fear of the loneliness of orphans and of the souls of their departed parents. A man should love the unfortunate orphan of whom he is guardian as if he were his own child. He should be as careful and as diligent in the management of the orphan's property as of his own or even more careful still."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11322b.htm| title=The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI}}</ref> The care of orphans was referred to bishops and, during the [[Middle Ages]], to [[monastery|monasteries]]. As soon as they were old enough, children were often given as [[Apprenticeship|apprentices]] to households to ensure their support and to learn an occupation.

In medieval Europe, care for orphans tended to reside with the [[Christian Church|Church]]. The [[Elizabethan Poor Law]]s were enacted at the time of the [[Reformation]] and placed public responsibility on individual parishes to care for the indigent poor.

===Foundling Hospitals===
[[File: Foundling Hospital.jpg|thumb|left|The Foundling Hospital. The building has been demolished.]]
The growth of sentimental [[philanthropy]] in the 18th century led to the establishment of the first charitable institutions that would cater to orphans.
The [[Foundling Hospital]] was founded in 1741 by the [[philanthropy|philanthropic]] [[Captain (nautical)|sea captain]] [[Thomas Coram]] in [[London]], [[England]], as a children's home for the "education and maintenance of exposed and deserted young children." The first children were admitted into a temporary house located in [[Hatton Garden]]. At first, no questions were asked about child or parent, but a distinguishing token was put on each child by the parent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ashlyns.herts.sch.uk/about/history.htm |title=Ashlyns School, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire |publisher=Ashlyns.herts.sch.uk |access-date=2012-05-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527084514/http://www.ashlyns.herts.sch.uk/about/history.htm |archive-date=27 May 2012 }}</ref>

On reception, children were sent to [[wet nurse]]s in the countryside, where they stayed until they were about four or five years old. At sixteen, girls were generally [[apprenticeship|apprenticed]] as [[maid|servants]] for four years; at fourteen, boys were apprenticed into a variety of occupations, typically for seven years. There was a small benevolent fund for adults.

In 1756, the [[House of Commons of Great Britain|House of Commons]] resolved that all children offered should be received, that local receiving places should be appointed all over the country, and that the funds should be publicly guaranteed. A basket was accordingly hung outside the hospital; the maximum age for admission was raised from two months to twelve, and a flood of children poured in from [[Poor Law|country workhouses]]. Parliament soon came to the conclusion that the indiscriminate admission should be discontinued. The hospital adopted a system of receiving children only with considerable sums. This practice was finally stopped in 1801, and it henceforth became a fundamental rule that no money was to be received.<ref>{{cite book|author=Oliver, Christine and Peter Aggleton|title=Coram's Children: Growing Up in the Care of the Foundling Hospital: 1900-1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0953661318|publisher=Coram Family|year=2000|isbn=978-0-9536613-1-2}}</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:Children at crumpsall workhouse circa 1895.jpg|right|thumb|A group of orphans at Crumpsall Workhouse in the 19th century]]

By the early nineteenth century, the problem of abandoned children in urban areas, especially [[London]], began to reach alarming proportions. The [[workhouse]] system, instituted in [[Poor Law Amendment Act 1834|1834]], although often brutal, was an attempt at the time to house orphans as well as other vulnerable people in society who could not support themselves in exchange for work. Conditions, especially for the women and children, were so bad as to cause an outcry among the [[social reform]]–minded [[middle-class]]; some of [[Charles Dickens]]' most famous novels, including ''[[Oliver Twist]]'', highlighted the plight of the vulnerable and the often abusive conditions that were prevalent in the London orphanages.

Clamour for change led to the birth of the orphanage movement. In England, the movement really took off in the mid-19th century although orphanages such as the Orphan Working Home in 1758 and the Bristol Asylum for Poor Orphan Girls in 1795, had been set up earlier. Private orphanages were founded by private benefactors; these often received [[patronage|royal patronage]] and government oversight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://histclo.com/insti/Orp/orp-eng.html|title=English Orphanages|access-date=13 November 2013|archive-date=13 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113230926/http://histclo.com/insti/Orp/orp-eng.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
[[Ragged school]]s, founded by [[John Pounds]] and the [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury|Lord Shaftesbury]] were also set up to provide pauper children with basic education.

Orphanages were also set up in the United States from the early 19th century; for example, in 1806, the first private orphanage in New York (the Orphan Asylum Society, now [[Graham Windham]]) was co-founded by [[Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton]], widow of [[Alexander Hamilton]], one of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]].<ref name=segedin>{{cite journal |title=''Hamilton'' Boosts Orphanage's Story, History |first=Andy |last=Segedin |date=17 May 2016 |journal=The NonProfit Times |url=http://www.thenonprofittimes.com/news-articles/hamilton-boosts-orphanages-story-history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127025327/http://www.thenonprofittimes.com/news-articles/hamilton-boosts-orphanages-story-history/ |archive-date=2016-11-27 }}</ref> Under the influence of [[Charles Loring Brace]], [[foster care]] became a popular alternative from the mid-19th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=America Past and Present Online-Charles Loring Brace, The Life of The Street Rats|year=1872|url=http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/nash5e_awl/medialib/timeline/docs/sources/theme_primarysources_Labor_3.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527091631/http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/nash5e_awl/medialib/timeline/docs/sources/theme_primarysources_Labor_3.html|archive-date=27 May 2006}}</ref> Later, the [[Social Security Act of 1935#History|Social Security Act of 1935]] improved conditions by authorizing [[Aid to Families with Dependent Children]] as a form of [[social security]].

[[File:Drbarnardo.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Thomas John Barnardo]], the founder of the [[Barnardos|Barnardos Home]] for orphaned children.]]
A very influential philanthropist of the era was [[Thomas John Barnardo]], the founder of the charity [[Barnardos]]. Becoming aware of the great numbers of [[homeless]] and [[destitute]] children adrift in the cities of England and encouraged by the [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury|7th Earl of Shaftesbury]] and the [[Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns|1st Earl Cairns]], he opened the first of the "Dr. Barnardo’s Homes" in 1870. By his death in 1905, he had established 112 district homes, which searched for and received waifs and strays, to feed, clothe and educate them.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The system under which the institution was carried on is broad as follows: the infants and younger girls and boys were chiefly "boarded out" in rural districts; girls above fourteen years of age were sent to the industrial training homes, to be taught useful domestic occupations; boys above seventeen years of age were first tested in labor homes and then placed in employment at home, sent to sea, or emigrated; boys of between thirteen and seventeen years of age were trained for the various trades for which they might be mentally or physically fitted.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
[[File:Armand Pallière Dom Pedro e Dona Leopoldina 1826.jpg|thumb|upright|Emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil]] and his wife [[Maria Leopoldina of Austria|Maria Leopoldina]] visiting the ''Casa dos Expostos'' orphanage in [[Rio de Janeiro]], 1826.]]

===Deinstitutionalization===
Evidence from a variety of studies supports the vital importance of attachment security and later development of children. Deinstitutionalization of orphanages and children's homes program in the United States began in the 1950s, after a series of scandals involving the coercion of birth parents and abuse of orphans (notably at [[Georgia Tann]]'s [[Tennessee Children's Home Society]]). In Romania, a [[Decree 770|decree]] was established that aggressively promoted population growth, banning contraception and abortions for women with fewer than four children, despite the wretched poverty of most families. After Ceausescu was overthrown, he left a society unable and unwilling to take care of its children. Researchers conducted a study to see what the implications of this early childhood neglect were on development. Typically reared Romanian children showed high rates of secure attachment. Whereas the institutionally raised children showed huge rates of disorganized attachment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dozier|first=Mary|date=2014-06-01|title=Romania's Abandoned Children: Deprivation, Brain Development, and the Struggle for Recovery|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=171|issue=6|pages=693–694|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14030320|issn=0002-953X}}</ref> Many countries accepted the need to de-institutionalize the care of vulnerable children—that is, close down orphanages in favor of foster care and accelerated adoption.

Foster care operates by taking in children from their homes due to the lack of care or abuse of their parents, where orphanages take in children with no parents or children whose parents have dropped them off for a better life, typically due to income. Major charities are increasingly focusing their efforts on the re-integration of orphans in order to keep them with their parents or extended family and communities. Orphanages are no longer common in the European Community, and Romania, in particular, has struggled greatly to reduce the visibility of its [[Romanian orphans|children's institutions]] to meet conditions of its entry into the [[European Union]].

Some have stated it is important to understand the reasons for child abandonment, ''then'' set up targeted alternative services to support vulnerable families at risk of separation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-include.eu/en/articles/508-committee-of-ministers-recommendation-on-deinstitutionalization-of-children-with-disabilities |title=Inclusion Europe &#124; Committee of Ministers: Recommendation on Deinstitutionalization of Children with Disabilities |publisher=E-include.eu |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917050323/http://www.e-include.eu/en/articles/508-committee-of-ministers-recommendation-on-deinstitutionalization-of-children-with-disabilities |archive-date=17 September 2011 }}</ref> such as mother and baby units and day care centres.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Planning_for_Deinstitutionalization_and_Reordering_Child_care_Services_ENG.pdf |title=Europe and Central Asia |publisher=UNICEF Europe and Central Asia |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017231440/http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Planning_for_Deinstitutionalization_and_Reordering_Child_care_Services_ENG.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>