Editing Outward Bound (section)

==History==

=== Founding and early history ===
The first Outward Bound school was opened in [[Aberdyfi]], [[Wales]] in 1941 by [[Lawrence Holt]] with financial support from the [[Blue Funnel Line]] shipping company based on the initiative of [[Kurt Hahn]].<ref name="Birth of Outward Bound">Outward Bound International (2004). ''[http://www.outwardbound.net/about/history/ob-birth.html Birth of Outward Bound] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110062628/http://www.outwardbound.net/about/history/ob-birth.html |date=2007-11-10 }}''. Retrieved 9 December 2007.</ref> The name Outward Bound was derived from the nautical term for a ship leaving safe harbour for the open sea.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/45.1/how-outward-bound-lost-and-found-itself|title=How Outward Bound lost, and found, itself|last1=Jan. 29|first1=Emily Guerin|last2=Now|first2=2013 From the print edition Like Tweet Email Print Subscribe Donate|date=2013-01-29|website=www.hcn.org|language=en-us|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref> Outward Bound grew out of Hahn's work in the development of the [[Gordonstoun]] school and what is now known as the [[Duke of Edinburgh's Award]]. Outward Bound's founding mission, during the [[Second World War]], was to improve the survival chances of young [[Sailor|seamen]] should their ships be torpedoed in the mid-Atlantic.<ref name="priest&gass">{{cite book|title=Effective Leadership in Adventure Programming|edition=3|date=2017|last1=Priest|first1=Simon|last2=Gass|first2=Michael|publisher=Human Kinetics|pages=74–6|isbn=978-1-4925-4786-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuM2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75}}</ref>

James Martin Hogan served as warden for the first year of the school.<ref name="Aberdovey">''{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20021108035239/http://www.outward-bound.org/docs/info/Aberdovey.htm Outward Bound Wales, Aberdyfi]}}''.  Retrieved 29 August 2008.</ref> This mission was established and then expanded by Capt. J. F. "Freddy" Fuller who took over the leadership of the Aberdyfi school in 1942 and served the Outward Bound movement as senior warden until 1971.<ref>James, David, (1957). ''Outward Bound''. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.</ref> Fuller had been seconded from the Blue Funnel Line following wartime experience during the [[Battle of the Atlantic]] of surviving two successive [[U-boat|torpedo attacks]] and commanding an open lifeboat in the Atlantic Ocean for thirty-five days without losing a single member of the crew.<ref>{{cite book|title=Outward Bound USA: Crew Not Passengers |author=Miner, Joshua L. |author2=Boldt, Joe |year=2002|publisher=Mountaineers Books|isbn=978-0-89886-874-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/outwardboundusac00mine}}</ref>

An educational [[Charitable organization|charity]], named The Outward Bound Trust, was established in 1946 to operate the school.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> A second school followed in England at [[Eskdale Green]] in 1950.<ref name="priest&gass" /> The first Outward Bound program for women was held in 1951. During the next decade, several other schools opened around the United Kingdom.<ref name="priest&gass" /> A school in [[Lumut, Malaysia]] opened in 1954, the first outside the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outwardbound.my/about-us/history-of-outward-bound-malaysia/|title=History of Outward Bound Malaysia – The Outward Bound Trust of Malaysia|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref><ref name="priest&gass" /> [[Outward Bound Australia]] was founded in 1956.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outwardbound.org.au/about-outdoor-education/history/|title=History Outward Bound Australia|work=Outward Bound Australia|access-date=2018-10-12|language=en-US}}</ref> The first [[Outward Bound USA]] course was run in Puerto Rico in 1961 for the [[Peace Corps]], which it helped to shape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puerto Rican Training–Blame It On The Brits – Peace Corps Worldwide |url=https://peacecorpsworldwide.org/outward/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=peacecorpsworldwide.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://issuu.com/outwardbound.org/docs/ob_viewbook|title=Outward Bound 2015 Program Guide|website=Issuu|access-date=2016-02-05}}</ref> [[Outward Bound New Zealand]] was founded in 1962, [[Outward Bound Singapore]] established in 1967 and [[:zh-tw:香港外展訓練學校|Outward Bound Hong Kong]] in 1970.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Outward Bound International|title=International Expansion|url=http://www.outwardbound.net:80/about/history/expansion.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210140707/http://www.outwardbound.net:80/about/history/expansion.html|access-date=26 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2007}}</ref> [[Outward Bound Costa Rica]] was founded in 1991.  Outward Bound Peacebuilding was formed in the early 2000's working to leverage and link ideas related to peacebuilding and experiential education.

From the inception of Outward Bound, community service was an integral part of the program, especially in the areas of sea and mountain rescues and this remains an important part of the training for both staff and students.<ref name="Aberdovey" /> During the period 1941 to 1965 in the United Kingdom, the philosophy of the schools evolved from "character‐training" to "personal growth" and "self‐discovery".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Freeman|first=Mark|date=2010-12-13|title=From 'character-training' to 'personal growth': the early history of Outward Bound 1941–1965|journal=History of Education|language=en|volume=40|issue=1|pages=21–43|doi=10.1080/0046760x.2010.507223|s2cid=144920806|issn=0046-760X}}</ref>

Aberdyfi remains the organisation's "nerve-centre" in the United Kingdom. Over the course of a summer in 2010, 7000 to 8,000 students attended courses at the Aberdyfi centre and more than a million young people have attended Outward Bound courses in the UK since 1941.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-09-04 |title=Claim culture hits Outward Bound |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-11184012 |access-date=2020-08-02 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Prince Philip]] served as the [[Patronage|Patron]] of the Outward Bound Trust for several years before handing over to his son [[Prince Andrew]], who resigned in November 2019.<ref>{{cite news |date=2019-11-21 |title=Prince Andrew resigns from Outward Bound Trust as aides confirm he will continue working for Pitch@Palace |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2019/11/21/prince-andrew-resigns-outward-bound-trust-aides-confirm-will/ |access-date=2021-04-09 |publisher=Daily Telegraph}}</ref>

=== Current ===
Outward Bound International was founded as a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organisation]] in 2004 to license the use of the brand name "Outward Bound" and to provide support for the international network of schools.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Licensing |url=https://www.outwardbound.net/licensing/ |access-date=2018-10-13 |work=Outward Bound International |language=en-US}}</ref> Today there are organisations, called schools, in more than 35 countries with 250 wilderness and urban locations around the world which are attended by more than 250,000 students each year.<ref name="obi" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.outwardbound.net/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Outward Bound International|language=en-US}}</ref> Separate organisations operate the schools in each of the countries in which Outward Bound operates.<ref name=":5" /> In 2025 Outward Bound has licensees operating 37 schools in 34 countries across 6 continents.

Since its founding in the middle of the last century, Outward Bound has encouraged individuals to test their physical and emotional limits in challenging outdoor adventure programs. The experiences are a means of building inner strength and a heightened awareness of human interdependence.<ref>Outward Bound USA: Crew not Passengers, Josh Miner and Joe Boldt (Seattle: The Mountaineer Books, 2002)</ref> Outward Bound's [[compass rose]] emblem serves as the logo for almost all the schools around the world.<ref name=":2" />