Editing Oxycodone (section)

==Medical uses==
Oxycodone is used for managing moderate to severe acute or chronic [[pain]] when other treatments are not sufficient.<ref name=AHFS2018/> It may improve [[quality of life]] in certain types of pain.<ref name="Riley2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Riley J, Eisenberg E, Müller-Schwefe G, Drewes AM, Arendt-Nielsen L | title = Oxycodone: a review of its use in the management of pain | journal = Current Medical Research and Opinion | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 175–192 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18039433 | doi = 10.1185/030079908X253708 | s2cid = 9099037 }}</ref> Numerous studies have been completed, and the appropriate use of this compound does improve the quality of life of patients with long term chronic pain syndromes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ueberall MA, Eberhardt A, Mueller-Schwefe GH | title = Quality of life under oxycodone/naloxone, oxycodone, or morphine treatment for chronic low back pain in routine clinical practice | journal = International Journal of General Medicine | volume = 9 | pages = 39–51 | date = 24 February 2016 | pmid = 26966387 | pmc = 4771398 | doi = 10.2147/IJGM.S94685 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R | title = CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016 | language = en-us | journal = MMWR. Recommendations and Reports | volume = 65 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–49 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26987082 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1er | doi-access = free | pmc = 6390846 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Roth AR, Lazris A, Haskell H, James J | title = Appropriate Use of Opioids for Chronic Pain | language = en-US | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 102 | issue = 6 | pages = 335–337 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32931211 | url = https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0915/p335.html }}</ref>

Oxycodone is available as a [[time release technology|controlled-release]] tablet.<ref name="Biancofiore_20060901">{{cite journal | vauthors = Biancofiore G | title = Oxycodone controlled release in cancer pain management | journal = Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 229–234 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 18360598 | pmc = 1936259 | doi = 10.2147/tcrm.2006.2.3.229 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A 2006 review found that controlled-release oxycodone is comparable to immediate-release oxycodone, [[morphine]], and [[hydromorphone]] in management of moderate to severe [[cancer pain]], with fewer side effects than morphine. The author concluded that the controlled-release form is a valid alternative to morphine and a first-line treatment for cancer pain.<ref name="Biancofiore_20060901" /> In 2014, the European Association for Palliative Care recommended oxycodone by mouth as a second-line alternative to morphine by mouth for cancer pain.<ref name="pmid11237376">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hanks GW, Conno F, Cherny N, Hanna M, Kalso E, McQuay HJ, Mercadante S, Meynadier J, Poulain P, Ripamonti C, Radbruch L, Casas JR, Sawe J, Twycross RG, Ventafridda V | title = Morphine and alternative opioids in cancer pain: the EAPC recommendations | journal = British Journal of Cancer | volume = 84 | issue = 5 | pages = 587–593 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11237376 | pmc = 2363790 | doi = 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1680 }}</ref>

In children between 11 and 16, the extended-release formulation is FDA-approved for the relief of cancer pain, trauma pain, or pain due to major surgery (for those already treated with opioids, who can tolerate at least 20&nbsp;mg per day of oxycodone) – this provides an alternative to Duragesic ([[fentanyl]]), the only other extended-release [[opioid]] [[analgesic]] approved for children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/fda-approves-oxycontin-for-kids-11-to-16/ar-BBlK3zS?ocid=spartandhp|title=FDA approves OxyContin for kids 11 to 16|website=www.msn.com|access-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630065901/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/fda-approves-oxycontin-for-kids-11-to-16/ar-BBlK3zS?ocid=spartandhp|archive-date=30 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Oxycodone, in its extended-release form or in combination with [[naloxone]], is sometimes used [[off-label use|off-label]] in the treatment of severe and refractory [[restless legs syndrome]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restless Legs Syndrome {{!}} Baylor Medicine |url=https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/neurology/parkinsons-disease-and-movement-disorders/restless-legs-syndrome |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=www.bcm.edu }}</ref>

===Available forms===
{{See also|Oxycodone/paracetamol|Oxycodone/aspirin|Oxycodone/ibuprofen|Oxycodone/naloxone}}
{{Multiple image
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Oxycodone is available in a variety of formulations for [[oral administration|by mouth]] or [[sublingual administration|under the tongue]]:<ref name="ElliottSmith2016" >{{cite book |vauthors=Elliott JA, Smith HS |title=Handbook of Acute Pain Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Em7OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |date=19 April 2016 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4665-9635-1 |pages=82–}}</ref><ref name="PhD2006">{{cite book |vauthors=Gould III HJ |title=Understanding Pain: What It Is, Why It Happens, and How It's Managed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKPudFvllpsC&pg=PA71|date=11 December 2006|publisher=Demos Medical Publishing|isbn=978-1-934559-82-6|pages=71–}}</ref><ref name="Graves2015">{{cite book|vauthors=Graves K |title=Drug I.D. & Symptom Guide |edition=6th |series=QWIK-CODE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGyfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT99 |date=29 September 2015|publisher=LawTech Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-56325-225-9 |pages=99–}}</ref><ref name="Skidmore-Roth2015">{{cite book |vauthors=Skidmore-Roth L |title=Mosby's Drug Guide for Nursing Students, with 2016 Update |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_BwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA789 |date=16 July 2015 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-17297-4 |pages=789– |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007000409/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_BwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA789 |url-status=live}}</ref>

* Immediate-release oxycodone (OxyFast, OxyIR, OxyNorm, Roxicodone)
* Controlled-release oxycodone (OxyContin, Xtampza ER) – 10–12 hour duration<ref name="sunshine1996">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sunshine A, Olson NZ, Colon A, Rivera J, Kaiko RF, Fitzmartin RD, Reder RF, Goldenheim PD |date=July 1996 |title=Analgesic efficacy of controlled-release oxycodone in postoperative pain |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=595–603 |doi=10.1002/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04223.x |pmid=8844441 |s2cid=35076787 |quote=Treatment with CR oxycodone was safe and effective in this study, and its characteristics will be beneficial in the treatment of pain.}}</ref>
* Oxycodone tamper-resistant (OxyContin OTR)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2013/022272Orig1s014ClinPharmR.pdf|title=Clinical Pharmacology Review|publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=11 February 2018|archive-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212033248/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2013/022272Orig1s014ClinPharmR.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Immediate-release oxycodone with [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) (Percocet, Endocet, Roxicet, Tylox)
* Immediate-release oxycodone with [[aspirin]] (Endodan, Oxycodan, Percodan, Roxiprin)
* Immediate-release oxycodone with [[ibuprofen]] (Combunox)<ref name="SinatraLeon-Cassasola2009">{{cite book|vauthors=Sinatra RS, de Leon-Cassasola OA|title=Acute Pain Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORpBaZnBSaQC&pg=PA198|date=27 April 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87491-5|pages=198–|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007000410/https://books.google.com/books?id=ORpBaZnBSaQC&pg=PA198|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Controlled-release oxycodone with [[naloxone]] (Targin, Targiniq, Targinact)<ref name="StaatsSilverman2016">{{cite book|vauthors=Staats PS, Silverman SM|title=Controlled Substance Management in Chronic Pain: A Balanced Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WxBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|date=28 May 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-30964-4|pages=172–|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007000410/https://books.google.com/books?id=-WxBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|url-status=live}}</ref> – 10–12 hour duration<ref name="sunshine1996" />
* Controlled-release oxycodone with [[naltrexone]] (Troxyca) – 10–12 hour duration<ref name="sunshine1996"/><ref name="Pfizer2018">{{cite web |title=FDA Approves Troxyca® ER (Oxycodone Hydrochloride and Naltrexone Hydrochloride) Extended-release Capsules CII with Abuse-deterrent Properties for the Management of Pain |date=19 August 2016 |url=https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/fda_approves_troxyca_er_oxycodone_hydrochloride_and_naltrexone_hydrochloride_extended_release_capsules_cii_with_abuse_deterrent_properties_for_the_management_of_pain |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925173435/https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/fda_approves_troxyca_er_oxycodone_hydrochloride_and_naltrexone_hydrochloride_extended_release_capsules_cii_with_abuse_deterrent_properties_for_the_management_of_pain |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Oxycodone Syrup 10mg per ml.jpg|thumb|A liquid solution containing 10mg of oxycodone per 1ml]]
In the US, oxycodone is only approved for use by mouth, available as tablets and oral solutions. [[Parenteral]] formulations of oxycodone (brand name OxyNorm) are also available in other parts of the world, however, and are widely used in the European Union.<ref name="Davis2009">{{cite book |vauthors=Davis MP |title=Opioids in Cancer Pain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aEzg6i2nPMQC&pg=PA158 |date=28 May 2009 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-923664-0 |pages=155–158 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007000410/https://books.google.com/books?id=aEzg6i2nPMQC&pg=PA158 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Forbes2007">{{cite book |vauthors=Forbes K |title=Opioids in Cancer Pain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7PjroLnaYQC&pg=PA64 |date=29 November 2007 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-921880-6 |pages=64–65}}</ref><ref name="BradburyHodge2013">{{cite book |vauthors=Bradbury H, Hodge BS |title=Practical Prescribing for Medical Students |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U5L3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT93 |date=8 November 2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4462-9753-7 |pages=93– |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007000411/https://books.google.com/books?id=U5L3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT93 |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Spain]], the [[Netherlands]] and the [[United Kingdom]], oxycodone is approved for [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]] (IV) and [[intramuscular injection|intramuscular]] (IM) use. When first introduced in [[Germany]] during [[World War I]], both IV and IM administrations of oxycodone were commonly used for postoperative pain management of [[Central Powers]] soldiers.<ref name="Kalso2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalso E |title=Oxycodone |journal=Journal of Pain and Symptom Management |volume=29 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S47–S56 |date=May 2005 |pmid=15907646 |doi=10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.01.010 |doi-access=free}}</ref>