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PALplus
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== History == The [[Multiplexed Analogue Components|MAC]] family of standards was adopted in Europe in 1983,<ref name="auto12">{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Public Works and Government Services Canada |date=8 October 2009 |title=D2-MAC [1 record] - TERMIUM Plus® — Search - TERMIUM Plus® |url=https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-eng.html?lang=eng&i=1&index=ent&codom2nd_wet=1&srchtxt=D2-MAC |website=www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca}}</ref> primarily for [[Satellite television#Direct-to-home and direct broadcast satellite|Direct Broadcasting by Satellite (DBS)]] services. This was an evolution from older color TV systems (such as PAL or [[SECAM]]) fixing the problems of interference between [[luminance]] and [[chrominance]], and providing a stepping stone for a future HDTV system. <ref>{{cite book |last=ITU Radiocommunication Assembly |url=https://extranet.itu.int/brdocsearch/R-REC/R-REC-BO/R-REC-BO.650/R-REC-BO.650-2-199203-I/R-REC-BO.650-2-199203-I!!PDF-E.pdf#page=18 |title=Recommendation ITU-R BO.650-2 - Standards for conventional television systems for satellite broadcasting in the channels defined by Appendix 30 of the Radio Regulations |year=1992 |pages=18}}</ref><ref name="auto12"/> In 1986, a new [[High-definition television|high definition]] broadcasting standard, HD-MAC, was presented, offering twice the number of scanning lines compared to PAL.<ref name="auto5">{{cite book |last=Pauchon |url=https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_253-analogue.pdf |title=EBU Technical Review |publisher=EBU |year=1992 |edition=Autumn |pages=6–19 |chapter=Analogue HDTV in Europe}}</ref> A transitional standard, D2-MAC was established.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 October 2009 |title=D2-MAC [1 record] - TERMIUM Plus® — Search - TERMIUM Plus® |url=https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-eng.html?lang=eng&i=1&index=ent&codom2nd_wet=1&srchtxt=D2-MAC}}</ref> It had the same number of lines as PAL, but like HD-MAC it was designed for 16:9 widescreen content. In 1989, the PALplus strategy group was founded. The goal was to develop an enhanced system for terrestrial transmission compatible with PAL. European terrestrial broadcasters felt the need to better position themselves in order to compete with satellite and cable operators, in view of the introduction of MAC widescreen broadcasts. While not attempting to produce HDTV standards of quality, the new format was meant to improve PAL in the following areas: * Wider aspect ratio, but with acceptable effects on the traditional [[Fullscreen (aspect ratio)|4:3]] (or 1.33:1) screen * Reduced level of artefacts, such as [[Composite video#Composite artifacts|cross-color]] * Better sound system * Improved [[Display resolution|resolution]] * Compatibility with existing receivers.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWUQBwAAQBAJ&q=palplus+high+definition&pg=PA9|title=Coding and Modulation for Digital Television |author=Gordon M. Drury, Garik Markarian, Keith Pickavance |date=11 April 2006 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9780306470363}}</ref> In the beginning, the task group consisted of the public broadcasting corporations of Germany ([[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] and [[ZDF]]), Austria ([[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]]), Switzerland ([[Swiss Broadcasting Corporation|SRG]]) and the United Kingdom ([[BBC]] and [[United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting|UKIB]], United Kingdom Independent Broadcasters) together with the consumer electronics manufacturers [[Grundig]], [[Nokia]], [[Philips]] and [[Vantiva|Thomson]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_253-analogue.pdf|title=EBU Technical Review - Analogue HDTV in Europe, Autumn 1992}}</ref> [[Sony]] as well as the Spanish ([[RTVE]]) and Portuguese ([[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|RTP]]) broadcasters joined the group later on. At the Berlin [[IFA Berlin|IFA]] 1991, a first PALplus test transmission was demonstrated<ref>{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0654950A2/en |title=Method for measuring, adjusting and/or equalizing transmission channels and/or television signal decoders}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/HDTV+on+world+stage.-a011514191 |title=HDTV on world stage. - Free Online Library |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref> At the Berlin IFA 1993, the first experimental PALplus broadcasts began.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/738124|title=The PALpus project: conception to introduction |first=R.J.G. |last=Ellis |chapter=The PALplus project: Conception to introduction |date=September 19, 1994 |volume=1994 |pages=8–19 |via=IEEE Xplore |doi=10.1049/cp:19940720|doi-broken-date=7 December 2024 }}</ref> In the same year, the [[European Union]] approved a plan to support the production and broadcast of 16:9 programs.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite book |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/3115/1/3115.pdf |title=Second annual report on progress in Implementing the action plan for the introduction of advanced television services in Europe |publisher=Commission of the European Communities |year=1996}}</ref> In 1994, broadcasters began adopting the format. In the United Kingdom, [[Channel 4]] starts to broadcast using the system in October.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14319383-400-technology-wide-screens-split-bbc-and-channel-4ry-fox/ |title=Technology: Wide screens split BBC and Channel 4ry Fox |website=New Scientist}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://the-media-leader.com/c4-emits-widescreen-formats/ |title=C4 Emits Widescreen Formats - The Media Leader |date=August 3, 1994}}</ref> Nokia launched the first PALplus TV set in Germany. In 1995, the International Telecommunication Union publishes recommendation BT.1197-1, defining the PALplus system.<ref name="auto"/> Originally, the PALplus consortium included the following manufacturers: Philips, Grundig, Thomson, Nokia and Sony. One of the four big Korean electronics manufacturers, [[Samsung]], joined the PALplus consortium that year.<ref name="rec-bt1197">{{cite web |title=Recommendation ITU-R BT.1197-1: Enhanced wide-screen PAL TV transmission system (the PALplus system) |url=https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1197-1-199802-W!!MSW-E.doc}}</ref> [[Videocassette recorder|VCR]] manufacturers associated with the PALplus consortium were expected to launch updated [[VHS]] and [[S-VHS]] home recorders soon. The cost increment compared to conventional PAL VCRs was expected to be small.<ref name="rec-bt1197"/> PALplus was one of the highlights of the Berlin IFA 1995 edition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://berlin.barwick.de/freetime-leisure/events/ifa-internationale-funkausstellung.html#highlights |title=» IFA - Internationale Funkausstellung - Berlin Guide in English |website=berlin.barwick.de}}</ref> In January 1996, the PALplus board published the specifications of the standard in order to support the further dissemination of this standard for wide-screen transmissions. After German broadcasters started to broadcast some of their programmes using the format, the board ended its work by the end of that same year.{{Original research inline|date=May 2023}} At the beginning of 1998, PALplus programmes were broadcast on a regular basis in nine European countries, which made PALplus the mostly used standard for widescreen transmissions in Europe at that time. Evaluations, performed by [[International Telecommunication Union|ITU]] and [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] engineers in 1995-1998 concluded that the use of down-converted HDTV source material, as well as high-quality widescreen standard definition content, could be a significant benefit to the PALplus picture quality. Moreover, the experts felt that PALplus would not be out of place in an HDTV environment at viewing distances equal or farther to four heights of a television set. It was presumed that the standard method of display of a PALplus signal would be in 625-line interlaced (50 Hz) form, although other display formats (for example, 50 Hz [[Progressive scan|progressive]], 100 Hz interlace, or 100 Hz progressive) could be receiver options.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
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