Editing PIDE (section)

==History==
===Background===
During the [[Portuguese First Republic]] and the following ''[[Ditadura Nacional]]'' regimes, the police services were reorganized several times, with the remote ancestors of PIDE appearing. 

In 1918, the police services were organized as an [[umbrella organization]] named Civic Police, which started to include two agencies that were the remote ancestors of the PIDE: the Preventive Police and the Emigration Police. The first agency was a secret police responsible for the State security. The Preventive Police would become the State Security Police in 1919, the Social Defense Police in April 1919, and the Preventive and State Security Police in October 1919. The Emigration Police was an agency responsible for the border and migration control, with a special focus in the fight against illegal emigration.

After the [[28 May 1926 coup d'état]] and the establishment of the military ''Ditadura Nacional'', the Preventive and State Security Police was disbanded. However, soon after, two similar agencies were created, the Lisbon Information Police and the Porto Information Police, respectively under the control of the civil governor of Lisbon and the civil governor of Porto. In 1928, the two agencies were merged into a single Information Police under the direct control of the Minister of the Interior. In the same year, the Portuguese International Police was created as a section of the Information Police, succeeding the former Emigration Police. In 1931, the Information Police was disbanded and the Portuguese International Police became autonomous, under the direct control of the Minister of the Interior. In 1932, the Political and Social Surveillance Section of the Portuguese International Police was created, with the same role of the former Information Police. 

With Salazar in office as prime minister, the Political and Social Surveillance Section became autonomous in January 1933, as the Political and Social Surveillance Police. The Portuguese International Police and the Political and Social Surveillance Police would merge in August 1933, as the PVDE.

===PVDE===
The origins of PIDE can be traced to 1933, the year of the inauguration of the ''Estado Novo''. Under direct orders from Salazar himself, the Surveillance and State Defence (''Polícia de Vigilância e de Defesa do Estado'') or PVDE was created, with two main sections:
*Social and Political Defence Section, which was used to prevent and repress crimes of a political and social nature (see: [[Censorship]])
*International Section, which was used to control the entrance of [[immigrant]]s, to expel undesirable immigrants and to take care of [[counter-espionage]] and/or international espionage.

PVDE was founded and led by Captain [[Agostinho Lourenço]]. According to Professor Douglas Wheeler "an analysis of Lourenco's career suggest[s] strongly that British Intelligence Services' influence had an impact on the structure and activity of PVDE". Lourenço had earned a reputation with British observers, recorded in a confidential document generated at the British Embassy, which suggested a "pro-British" bias on his part. Lourenço always kept a good relationship with the [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]], which helped him to become the head of the international police organization [[Interpol]] in 1956.

In 1936, the [[prison]] of [[Tarrafal camp|Tarrafal]] was created in the [[Portuguese Cape Verde|Portuguese colony of Cape Verde]]. This camp, under the direct control of the PVDE, was the destination for those political prisoners considered dangerous by the regime. Among the first prisoners were the convicted sailors from the [[1936 Naval Revolt]]. The sailors, affiliated with the Communist Party, had attempted to sail two Portuguese Navy ships out of Lisbon to join the Spanish Republican forces fighting in Spain. Throughout the more than 40 years of the ''Estado Novo'', 32 people lost their lives in Tarrafal, which was known for its severe methods of torture.

Also in 1936, with the beginning of the [[Spanish Civil War]] and in 1937 with the attempt against Salazar's life by [[anarchist]] terrorists, the PVDE started focusing its battle against [[communism]] and the underground [[Portuguese Communist Party]]. During this pre-[[World War II]] period, several [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian]] and [[Nazi Germany|German]] advisers came to Portugal to help the PVDE adopt a model similar to the [[Gestapo]].

During World War II, the PVDE experienced its most intense period of activity. Neutral [[Lisbon]] was the [[Europe]]an center of [[espionage]] and one of the favourite [[exile]] destinations. Writers such as [[Ian Fleming]] (the creator of [[James Bond]]) were based there, while other prominent people such as the [[Duke of Windsor]] and the [[Spanish monarchy|Spanish Royal Family]] were exiled in Estoril. German spies attempted to buy information on trans-[[Atlantic]] [[shipping]] to help their [[submarine]]s fight the [[Battle of the Atlantic]]. The Spaniard Juan Pujol Garcia, better known as [[Juan Pujol (alias Garbo)|Codename Garbo]], passed on misinformation to the Germans, hoping it would hasten the end of the [[Spanish State]]—he was recruited by Britain as a [[double agent]] while in Lisbon. Conversely, [[William Colepaugh]], an [[United States|American]] [[traitor]], was recruited as an [[secret agent|agent]] by the Germans while his ship was in port in Lisbon—he was subsequently landed by [[U-boat]], {{GS|U-1230||2}}, in [[Maine]] before being captured. In June 1943, a commercial [[airliner]] carrying the [[actor]] [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]] was shot down over the [[Bay of Biscay]] by the [[Luftwaffe]] after taking off from Lisbon, possibly because German spies in Lisbon believed that [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Winston Churchill]] was on board.

Several [[United States|American]] reports called Lisbon "The Capital of Espionage". However, the PVDE always maintained a neutral stance towards foreign espionage activity, as long as no one intervened in Portuguese internal policies.{{cn|date=December 2019}}

===PIDE===
[[File:Vila Algarve, Maputo, Nov 2011.jpg|thumb|235px|''Vila Algarve'' in November 2011, the former headquarters of PIDE in Mozambique, at Lourenço Marques (presently [[Maputo]]).]]  
In 1945, the PVDE was renamed and replaced by the PIDE. Unlike its predecessor, which sought inspiration in the Gestapo, the regime's propaganda alleged PIDE followed the [[Scotland Yard]] model. Receiving the same status as the ''[[Polícia Judiciária]]'' (criminal investigation police), it had full powers to investigate, detain, and arrest anyone who was thought to be plotting against the State. It had two main functions:
*Administrative functions (which included those related to the migration services)
*[[Criminal]] prevention and repression functions. As there was already in place one criminal investigation police that dealt with ordinary crime, PIDE focused on political and social issues (political opposition, social unrest, student movements), which the political regime criminalised. At the same time, PIDE was the Portuguese police corresponding with the international [[Interpol]] network.

PIDE is considered by many authors as being one of the most functional and effective [[secret service]]s in history {{Citation needed|reason=By whom?|date=September 2023}}. Using a wide network of [[covert cell]]s, which were spread throughout Portugal and its overseas territories, PIDE had infiltrated agents into almost every underground movement, including the Portuguese Communist Party as well as the independence movements in [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] and [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]]. The PIDE encouraged citizens &ndash; the so-called ''bufos'' (snitches) &ndash; to denounce suspicious activities, through the use of monetary and prestige incentives. This resulted in an extremely effective espionage service which was able to fully control almost every aspect of Portuguese daily life. 

PIDE was credited with the torture and assassination of many political activists, controlled the political soundness of any candidate to public employment, vetoing anyone who   could be suspicious of favouring the opposition and had extrajudicial powers of detention, so it could retain in prison any activist after he or she had served a sentence. These actions extended beyond politicians and significant activists. For example, law student [[Aurora Rodrigues]] was arrested for association with the [[Portuguese Workers' Communist Party]] and was kept awake for weeks and endured multiple simulated drownings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hagemann |first1=Brigitte |title=Nightmares, nostalgia 40 years after Portugal revolt |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/nightmares-nostalgia-40-years-portugal-revolt-055042522.html?guccounter=1 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=Yahoo News |date=22 April 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

The PIDE intensified its actions during the [[Portuguese Colonial War]], creating a successful paramilitary unit called [[Flechas]] (Arrows). [[Yves Guérin-Sérac]], a former officer of the [[French Army]] and founder of the [[Organisation armée secrète|OAS]] [[right-wing terrorist]] group during the [[Algerian War of Independence]] (1954–62), set up "[[Aginter Press]]" in Lisbon and participated with the PIDE in [[covert operation]]s.{{cn|date=December 2019}}

===DGS===
{{Infobox Government agency
|agency_name   = Directorate-General of Security
|nativename    = Direcção-Geral de Segurança
|nativename_a  =
|nativename_r  =
|logo          = Dgscomm.jpg
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|seal          =
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|picture       =
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|formed        = 1969
|preceding1    = Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado
|dissolved     = April 25, 1974
|superseding   = 
|jurisdiction  = Portugal
|headquarters  = Lisbon
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|chief1_name     =
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|agency_type   =
|parent_agency = Ministry of the Interior
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}}

In 1969, [[Marcelo Caetano]] changed the name PIDE to DGS (''Direcção-Geral de Segurança'', "General Security Directorate"). The death of Salazar and the subsequent ascension of Caetano brought some attempts at [[democratization]], in order to avoid popular insurgency against [[censorship]], the ongoing colonial war, and the general restriction of civil rights. This resulted in a decrease in the perceived level of [[violence]] used by the secret police and a consequent reduction in its effectiveness.