Editing Packaging (section)

==History of packaging==

===Ancient era===
[[File:Ritual wine vessel - The Met.png|thumb|right|Bronze wine container from the 9th century BC]]
The first packages used the natural materials available at the time: [[basket]]s of reeds, wineskins ([[bota bag]]s), [[wooden box]]es, pottery [[vase]]s, ceramic [[amphora]]e, wooden [[barrel]]s, woven bags, etc. Processed materials were used to form packages as they were developed:  first [[glass]] and [[bronze]] vessels.  The study of old packages is an essential aspect of [[archaeology]].

The first usage of paper for packaging was sheets of treated mulberry bark used by the [[History of China#Ancient China|Chinese]] to wrap foods as early as the first or second century BC.<ref name="OSU">{{cite web |last= Paula|first= Hook|date=11 May 2017|title=A History of Packaging|url=https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/cdfs-133|publisher=Ohio State University|access-date=29 December 2020}}</ref>

The usage of paper-like material in Europe was when the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] used low grade and recycled [[papyrus]] for the packaging of [[incense]].<ref name="CHARM2005"/>

The earliest recorded use of paper for packaging dates back to 1035, when a [[Persian people|Persian]] traveller visiting markets in [[Cairo]], [[History of Arab Egypt|Arab Egypt]], noted that vegetables, spices and hardware were wrapped in paper for the customers after they were sold.<ref name="CHARM2005">{{Cite journal|title=The Origins of Paper Based Packaging|author=Diana Twede|journal=Conference on Historical Analysis & Research in Marketing Proceedings|volume=12|year=2005|pages=288–300 [289]|url=http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/charm/CHARM%20proceedings/CHARM%20article%20archive%20pdf%20format/Volume%2012%202005/288%20twede.pdf|access-date=March 20, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716105826/http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/charm/CHARM%20proceedings/CHARM%20article%20archive%20pdf%20format/Volume%2012%202005/288%20twede.pdf|archive-date=July 16, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Modern era===

====Tinplate====
The use of [[tinning|tinplate]] for packaging dates back to the 18th century. The manufacturing of tinplate was the [[monopoly]] of [[Bohemia]] for a long time; in 1667 [[Andrew Yarranton]], an English [[engineer]], and [[Ambrose Crowley]] brought the method to [[England]] where it was improved by ironmasters including [[Philip Foley]].<ref>{{Citation|first=P.J.|last=Brown|title=Andrew Yarranton and the British tinplate industry|periodical=Historical Metallurgy|volume=22|year=1988|pages=42–48|issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=P.W.|last=King|title=Wolverley Lower Mill and the beginnings of the tinplate industry|periodical=Historical Metallurgy|volume=22|year=1988|pages=104–113|issue=2}}</ref> By 1697, [[John Hanbury (1664–1734)|John Hanbury]]<ref>{{Harvnb|King|1988|p= 109}}</ref> had a rolling mill at [[Pontypool]] for making "Pontypool Plates".<ref>H.R. Schubert, ''History of the British iron and steel industry ... to 1775'', 429.</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=W.W.|last=Minchinton|title=The British tinplate industry: a history|year=1957|publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford|page=10}}</ref> The method pioneered there of rolling iron plates by means of cylinders enabled more uniform black plates to be produced than was possible with the former practice of [[hammer]]ing.

Tinplate boxes first began to be sold from ports in the [[Bristol Channel]] in 1725.  The tinplate was shipped from [[Newport, Monmouthshire]].<ref>Data extracted from D.P. Hussey ''et al., Gloucester Port Books Database'' (CD-ROM, University of Wolverhampton 1995).</ref> By 1805, 80,000 boxes were made and 50,000 exported. [[Tobacco]]nists in London began packaging snuff in metal-plated canisters from the 1760s onwards.

====Canning====
[[Image:Canning stewpan advertisement.jpg|thumb|left|upright|1914 magazine advertisement for [[cookware]] with instructions for home canning]]
With the discovery of the importance of airtight containers for [[food preservation]] by French inventor [[Nicholas Appert]], the tin canning process was patented by British merchant [[Peter Durand]] in 1810.<ref>{{cite web|last=Geoghegan |first=Tom |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21689069 |title=BBC News - The story of how the tin can nearly wasn't |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=April 21, 2013 |access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref> After receiving the patent, Durand did not himself follow up with canning food. He sold his patent in 1812 to two other Englishmen, [[Bryan Donkin]] and John Hall, who refined the process and product and set up the world's first commercial canning factory on Southwark Park Road, London. By 1813, they were producing the first canned goods for the [[Royal Navy]].<ref>{{cite book|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAA5M2eIWqwC|title=People and Industries|author=William H. Chaloner|publisher=Routledge|year=1963|isbn=978-0-7146-1284-3}}</ref>

The progressive improvement in canning stimulated the 1855 invention of the [[can opener]]. Robert Yeates, a cutlery and surgical instrument maker of Trafalgar Place West, Hackney Road, [[Middlesex]], UK, devised a claw-ended can opener with a hand-operated tool that haggled its way around the top of metal cans.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7IhN7lempUC|isbn=978-1-57958-380-4|date=September 27, 2004}}</ref> In 1858, another lever-type opener of a more complex shape was patented in the United States by [[Ezra Warner (inventor)|Ezra Warner]] of [[Waterbury, Connecticut]].

====Paper-based packaging====
[[File:Packing salt packages.jpg|thumb|upright|Packing folding cartons of salt]]
Set-up boxes were first used in the 16th century and modern [[folding carton]]s date back to 1839.  The first [[corrugated box]] was produced commercially in 1817 in England. [[Corrugated paper|Corrugated (also called pleated) paper]] received a British patent in 1856 and was used as a liner for tall hats. Scottish-born [[Robert Gair]] invented the pre-cut [[paperboard]] box in 1890—flat pieces manufactured in bulk that folded into boxes. Gair's invention came about as a result of an accident: as a [[Brooklyn]] printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, he was once printing an order of seed bags, and the metal ruler, commonly used to crease bags, shifted in position and cut them. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing in one operation he could make prefabricated paperboard boxes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cartons, crates and corrugated board: handbook of paper and wood packaging technology|author1=Diana Twede  |author2=Susan E.M. Selke |name-list-style=amp |publisher=DEStech Publications|year=2005|isbn=978-1-932078-42-8|pages=41–42, 55–56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kc0MSzFvrH8C}}</ref>

Commercial paper bags were first manufactured in [[Bristol]], [[England]], in 1844, and the American [[Francis Wolle]] patented a machine for automated bag-making in 1852.

===20th century===
[[File:Ephemera collection; Paper bag advertising Bile Beans Wellcome L0030503.jpg|right|thumb|upright|A packet advertising a [[patent medicine]]]]
Packaging advancements in the early 20th century included [[Bakelite]] closures on [[bottle]]s, transparent [[cellophane]] overwraps and panels on [[carton]]s. These innovations increased processing efficiency and improved [[food safety]].  As additional materials such as [[aluminium|aluminum]] and several [[List of synthetic polymers|types of plastic]] were developed, they were incorporated into packages to improve performance and functionality.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Brody|first1=A. L|last2=Marsh|first2=K. S|title=Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology|year=1997|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-06397-1}}</ref>

[[File:HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG|thumb|left|[[Heroin]] bottle and carton, early 20th century]]
In 1952, [[Michigan State University]] became the first university in the world to offer a degree in [[Packaging Engineering]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://packaging.msu.edu|title=Michigan State School of Packaging|access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=Michigan State University}}</ref>

In-plant recycling has long been typical for producing packaging materials. Post-consumer recycling of aluminum and paper-based products has been economical for many years:  since the 1980s, post-consumer recycling has increased due to [[curbside recycling]], consumer awareness, and regulatory pressure.

[[File:First polythene pillbox.JPG|thumb|right|A pill box made from [[polyethylene]] in 1936]]
Many prominent innovations in the packaging industry were developed first for military use.  Some military supplies are packaged in the same commercial packaging used for general industry. Other military packaging must transport [[materiel]], supplies, foods, etc. under severe distribution and storage conditions. Packaging problems encountered in [[World War II]] led to [[United States Military Standard|Military Standard]] or "mil spec" regulations being applied to packaging, which was then designated "military specification packaging". As a prominent concept in the military, mil spec packaging officially came into being around 1941, due to [[Iceland in World War II|operations in Iceland]] experiencing critical losses, ultimately attributed to bad packaging. In most cases, mil spec packaging solutions (such as barrier materials, [[field ration]]s, [[antistatic bag]]s, and various [[shipping crate]]s) are similar to commercial grade packaging materials, but subject to more stringent performance and quality requirements.<ref>{{cite web|last=Maloney|first=J.C.|title=The History and Significance of Military Packaging|work=Defence Packaging Policy Group|publisher=Defence Logistics Agency|date=July 2003|url=http://www.dla.mil/Portals/104/Documents/LandAndMaritime/V/VS/Packaging/LM_pkghistory_151007.pdf}}</ref>

{{As of|2003}}, the packaging sector accounted for about two percent of the [[gross national product]] in [[developed countries]]. About half of this market was related to [[food packaging]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Technology of Cheesemaking: Second Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/technologycheese00lawb|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-8298-0|author=Y. Schneider|author2=C. Kluge |author3=U. Weiß |author4=H. Rohm |editor=Barry A. Law, A.Y. Tamime|page=[https://archive.org/details/technologycheese00lawb/page/n441 413]|chapter=Packaging Materials and Equipment}}</ref>
In 2019 the global food packaging market size was estimated at USD 303.26 billion, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.2% over the forecast period. Growing demand for packaged food by consumers owing to quickening pace of life and changing eating habits is expected to have a major impact on the market.