Editing Pakistani English (section)

==History==
Although [[British rule in India|British rule in the Subcontinent]] lasted for almost two hundred years, the areas which lie in what is now Pakistan were amongst the last to be annexed: [[Sindh]] in 1842, [[Punjab]] (which initially included the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]]) in 1849, and parts of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Baluchistan]], including Quetta and the outer regions in 1879, while the rest of the Baluchistan region became a [[princely state]] within the [[British Empire]]. As a result, British English had less time to become part of local culture though it did become part of elite culture as it was used in elite schools and in higher education, as in the rest of Subcontinent.<ref name="Rahman2002">{{cite book| last =Rahman| first =Tariq| title =Language, Ideology and Power: Language-learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India|year =2002| publisher =Oxford University Press| location =Karachi}}</ref> The colonial policies which made English a marker of elite status and the language of power—being used in such domains of power as the civil service, the officer corps of the armed forces, the higher judiciary, universities, prestigious newspapers, radio and entertainment—were due to British policies<ref name="Rahman1996">{{cite book| last =Rahman| first =Tariq| title =Language and Politics in Pakistan| year =1996| publisher =Oxford University Press| location =Karachi}}</ref>{{rp|22–58}} and the continuation of these policies by [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistani Governments]].<ref name="Rahman2002"/>{{rp|288–323}} The roots of Pinglish in Pakistan can be traced back to the 19th century, when [[Syed Ahmad Khan|Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]] encouraged the Muslims to learn English and utilize it as a medium of resistance against the British.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-13|title=English Words Used in Urdu|language=en-US|work=UrduPod101.com Blog|url=https://www.urdupod101.com/blog/2021/05/13/english-loanwords-in-urdu/|access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref> In 1947 upon Pakistan's establishment, English became the de facto [[official language]], a position which was formalised in the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] of 1973. Together with [[Urdu]], the two languages are concurrently the official [[Languages of Pakistan|languages of the country]]. English language continues as the language of power and is also the language with the maximum [[cultural capital]] of any language used in Pakistan.<ref name="Rahman2007">{{cite book| last =Rahman| first =Tariq| title =Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts| editor1-last =Tsui| editor1-first =Amy B.| editor2-last =Tollefson| editor2-first =James W.| year =2007| publisher =Lawrence Erlbaum| location =Mahwah, New Jersey| pages =219–239| chapter =The Role of English in Pakistan}}</ref> It remains much in demand in higher education in [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Mansoor2005">{{cite book| last =Mansoor| first =Sabiha| title =Language Planning in Higher Education: A Case Study of Pakistan| year =2005| publisher =Oxford University Press| location =Karachi}}</ref>

The term ''Pinglish'' was first recorded in 1999, being a blend of the words [[Pakistani]] and [[English language|English]], with the 'e' changed to 'i' to better represent pronunciation. Another colloquial [[portmanteau word]] is ''Paklish'' (recorded from 1997).<ref>Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 29. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam</ref>