Editing Parke-Davis (section)

== History ==
[[File:Hervey C Parke 001.jpg|thumb|Hervey C. Parke]]
[[File:Parke-Davis Research Laboratory Detroit MI.jpg|thumb|Former Parke-Davis Research Laboratory on the Detroit River (now in use as a hotel)]]
[[File:Parke-Davis Plant-McDougal Ave Detroit MI.jpg|thumb|Building on the Parke-Davis Plant campus in Detroit]]
Parke, Davis and Company was founded in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] by Dr. Samuel P. Duffield, a physician and pharmacist.<ref name=grpm/>  In 1860, Dr. Duffield owned a small drugstore at the corner of Gratiot and Woodward Avenues. Dr. Duffield made a variety of pharmaceutical preparations, including Hoffman’s anodyne and mercurial ointment, but was overwhelmed by the operations of the business.<ref name="bull hist">{{cite journal| title=The Early History of Parke-Davis and Company| journal=[[Bulletin for the History of Chemistry]]| volume=25| issue= 1| year=2000| last=Hoefle| first=Milton L.| url=http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/bulletin_open_access/v25-1/v25-1%20p28-34.pdf}}</ref>

Dr. Duffield and Hervey Coke Parke formed a partnership in October 1866, with George S. Davis becoming a third partner in 1867. Parke was a businessman looking for business opportunities and Davis, an ambitious man with skills in sales. Duffield withdrew in 1869 because of poor health and an interest in practicing medicine. The partnership adopted the name Parke, Davis or Parke-Davis in 1871, and was formally incorporated as Parke, Davis & Company in 1875.<ref name="bull hist"/>

In 1871, the company sent expeditions to Central and South America and the West Indies in search of medicinal plants. The company produced an herbal laxative drug [[Rhamnus purshiana|Cascara]] found from Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest.<ref name="bull hist"/>

It was once the world's largest [[pharmaceutical company]] and is credited with building the first modern pharmaceutical laboratory and developing the first systematic methods of performing [[clinical trials]] of new medications. The [[Parke-Davis Research Laboratory]] is a [[National Historic Landmark]]; the surrounding [[Parke-Davis and Company Pharmaceutical Company Plant]] is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].

In 1912, Parke-Davis pharmacist [[Wilbur Scoville]] developed the "Scoville Organoleptic Test" - now standardized as the Scoville scale - to measure the "spiciness" or "heat" of various chili peppers.

The production facility on Parkdale Road in what was then [[Avon Township, Michigan]] (site now in [[Rochester, Michigan]]) was also a landmark in that vicinity and is now used by PAR Pharmaceuticals.

In the 1950s, Parke-Davis employed [[Jonas Salk]] as a consultant on vaccine adjuvants. Parke-Davis was also involved in manufacturing the polio vaccine. It took Salk much effort to convince Parke-Davis to follow his production protocols exactly. For about six months Parke-Davis had the exclusive contract to produce the vaccine for field trials but in February 1954 the National Foundation for the Prevention of Polio reneged on the contract and opened vaccine production to other companies as well.<ref>{{cite book| last=Smith| first=Jane S.| title=Patenting the Sun: Polio and the Salk Vaccine| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIHhAAAAMAAJ&q=parke-davis| pages=20, 218, 246| publisher=W. Morrow| year=1990| isbn=978-0688094942}}</ref>

Parke-Davis commissioned Detroit illustrator [[Robert Thom (illustrator)|Robert Thom]] to produce 40 illustrations for the series, “A History of Pharmacy in Pictures.” Each print came with a history article that explained the depicted scene and its place in history. Launched in 1957, the series was developed in cooperation with the Institute for the History of Pharmacy at the University of Wisconsin. Druggists were encouraged to display the artwork in their stores. Thom also did a comparable series on the history of medicine.<ref>{{cite web| title=The Norman Rockwell of Medicine| url=https://www.medicalhistorytour.com/missives/2017/10/18/the-normal-rockwell-of-medicine?rq=normal%20rockwell%20of%20medicine| website=Medical History Tour| access-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref>

In the case of ''[[Franklin v. Parke-Davis]]'' (2002), the company was accused of illegal [[marketing]] practices, including the promotion of [[Off-label use|off-label]] uses of its anticonvulsant medication [[Neurontin]].<ref>Purse, Marcia (March 15, 2019). [http://bipolar.about.com/cs/neurontin/a/neurontin_suit.htm Suit: Neurontin Marketed Illegally for Bipolar Disorder]. ''VeryWell Mind''.</ref> The drug had only been approved for use in patients with [[epilepsy]], but in 2001 over 80% of its $1.8 billion in sales were for indications unapproved by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]]. In 2004, Pfizer "admitted that Parke-Davis aggressively marketed Neurontin by illicit means for unrelated conditions including bipolar disorder, pain, migraine headaches, and drug and [[alcohol withdrawal]]", and consented to $430 million in penalties although it claimed the violations originated in 1996, well before Pfizer's acquisition of Warner–Lambert.<ref>Tansey, Bernadette (May 14, 2004). [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/05/14/BUGKK6L0LB1.DTL Huge penalty in drug fraud Pfizer settles felony case in Neurontin off-label promotion]. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''.</ref>

As announced on January 22, 2007, Pfizer closed its research facilities in Ann Arbor, Michigan.<ref>{{cite journal| url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/01/22/pfizer-changes-layoffs-biz-cz_mh_0122changes.html?partner=biotech_newsletter| title=At Pfizer, Brutal Cuts And Big Changes| last=Herper| first=Matthew| date=January 22, 2007| journal=[[Forbes]]| access-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref>