Editing Parole (section)

==Modern development==
[[Alexander Maconochie (penal reformer)|Alexander Maconochie]], a Scottish geographer and captain in the [[Royal Navy]], introduced the modern idea of parole when, in 1840, he was appointed superintendent of the British penal colonies in [[Norfolk Island]], Australia. He developed a plan to prepare them for eventual return to society that involved three grades. The first two consisted of promotions earned through good behaviour, labour, and study. The third grade in the system involved conditional liberty outside of prison while obeying rules. A violation would return them to prison and they would start all over again through the ranks of the three-grade process.<ref>{{cite book | author=Joel Samaha | title=Criminal Justice | publisher=[[Thomson/Wadsworth]] | place=Belmont, CA | date=2006 | isbn=9780534645571 | oclc=61362411 }}</ref><ref name=barry>John V. Barry, [http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/maconochie-alexander-2417/text3207 "Maconochie, Alexander (1787–1860)"], ''Australian Dictionary of Biography'', National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, accessed 4 April 2013].</ref> He reformed its [[ticket of leave]] system, instituting what many consider to be the world's first parole system.<ref name=petersilia>[[Joan Petersilia]], ''When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.</ref> Prisoners served indeterminate sentences from which they could be released early if they showed evidence of rehabilitation<ref name=hansner>Robert D. Hansner, ''Community Corrections''. Los Angeles: Sage, 2010.</ref> through participation in a graded classification system based on a unit of exchange called a mark.<ref name=cavendar>Gray Cavendar, ''Parole: A Critical Analysis''. Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1982.</ref> Prisoners earned marks through good behavior, lost them through bad behavior,<ref name=petersilia/> and could spend them on passage to higher classification statuses ultimately conveying freedom.<ref name=cavendar/>

In an instance of [[multiple discovery]], in 1846, [[Arnould Bonneville de Marsangy]] proposed the idea of parole (which he termed "preparatory liberations") to the Civil Tribunal at [[Reims]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Normandeau |first=André |title=Pioneers in Criminology: Arnould Bonneville de Marsangy (1802-1894) |journal=[[The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science]] |year=1969 |publisher=[[Northwestern University School of Law]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=28–32 |doi=10.2307/1141732 |jstor=1141732 |url=http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5565&context=jclc |quote=Historical innovations are often created independently and almost simultaneously. This seems to be the case about the origins of parole, especially in view of factors of time and means of communication. In effect, Maconochie developed his scheme in the years 1840-1844 as governor of Norfolk Island, a famous penal colony east of Australia, whereas Bonneville's ideas came out in the years 1846-1847. Our knowledge of the slowness of communications at the time, especially in such a sector of activity, leaves us with the impression that Bonneville really did not know about Maconochie's proposal.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Twenty-Third Annual Report of the Executive Committee of the Prison Association of New York for 1867 |date=January 29, 1868 |publisher=C. Van Benthuysen & Sons |pages=165–178 |author-link=Arnould Bonneville de Marsangy |first=Arnould |last=Bonneville de Marsangy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIs4AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA165}}</ref>