Editing Parthenon (section)

==Etymology==
The origin of the word "Parthenon" comes from the Greek word {{Lang|grc-Latn|parthénos}} ({{lang|grc|παρθένος}}), meaning "maiden, girl" as well as "virgin, unmarried woman". The Liddell–Scott–Jones ''[[A Greek–English Lexicon|Greek–English Lexicon]]'' states that it may have referred to the "unmarried women's apartments" in a house, but that in the Parthenon it seems to have been used for a particular room of the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, παρθεν-ών |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=parqenw/n |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> There is some debate as to which room that was. The lexicon states that this room was the western [[cella]] of the Parthenon. This has also been suggested by J.B. Bury.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=A history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great, 3rd ed |last1=Bury |first1=J. B. |last2=Meiggs |first2=Russell |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1956 |location=Oxford |pages=367–369}}</ref> One theory is that the Parthenon was the room where the ''[[arrephoros|arrephoroi]]'', a group of four young girls chosen to serve Athena each year, wove a [[peplos]] that was presented to Athena during [[Panathenaic Festival]]s.<ref>Jeffrey M. Hurwit. The Athenian Acropolis. (2000 Cambridge University Press), 161–163.</ref> Christopher Pelling asserts that the name "Parthenon" means the "temple of the virgin goddess", referring to the cult of Athena Parthenos that was associated with the temple.<ref name="Br">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Parthenon |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}{{edition needed|date=December 2019}}</ref> It has also been suggested that the name of the temple alludes to the maidens ({{Lang|grc-Latn|parthénoi}}), whose supreme sacrifice guaranteed the safety of the city.<ref>Whitley, ''The Archaeology of Ancient Greece'', p. 352.</ref> In that case, the room originally known as the Parthenon could have been a part of the temple known today as the [[Erechtheion]].<ref>François Queyrel, Le Parthénon. Un monument dans l'Histoire, Paris, Éditions Bartillat, 2020, pp. 199–200.</ref>

In 5th-century BC accounts of the building, the structure is simply called {{Lang|grc|ὁ νᾱός}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|ho naos}}; <small>lit.</small> "the temple"). Douglas Frame writes that the name "Parthenon" was a nickname related to the statue of Athena Parthenos, and only appeared a century after construction. He contends that "Athena's temple was never officially called the Parthenon and she herself most likely never had the cult title ''parthénos''".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hélène |date=4 March 2021 |title=Everlasting Glory in Athens |url=https://kosmossociety.chs.harvard.edu/everlasting-glory-in-athens/ |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=The Kosmos Society |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727175840/https://kosmossociety.chs.harvard.edu/everlasting-glory-in-athens/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ancient architects [[Iktinos]] and [[Callicrates]] appear to have called the building {{Lang|grc|Ἑκατόμπεδος}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Hekatómpedos}}; <small>lit.</small> "the hundred footer") in their lost treatise on Athenian architecture.<ref name="Harpocration" /> [[Harpocration]] wrote that some people used to call the Parthenon the "[[Hekatompedon temple|Hekatompedos]]", not due to its size but because of its beauty and fine proportions.<ref name="Harpocration">{{Cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1389.tlg001.perseus-grc1:e.hekatompedon |title=Harpocration, Valerius, Lexicon in decem oratores Atticos, λεττερ ε, ἙΚΑΤΟΜΠΕΔΟΝ |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306133213/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1389.tlg001.perseus-grc1:e.hekatompedon |url-status=live }}</ref> The first instance in which Parthenon definitely refers to the entire building comes from the fourth century BC orator [[Demosthenes]].<ref>Demosthenes, ''Against Androtion 22.13''  οἱ τὰ προπύλαια καὶ τὸν παρθενῶν᾽.</ref> In the 4th century BC and later, the building was referred to as the ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|Hekatompedos|italic=yes}}'' or the {{Lang|grc-Latn|Hekatompedon}} as well as the ''Parthenon.'' [[Plutarch]] referred to the building during the first century AD as the ''{{Lang|grc-Latn|Hekatompedos Parthenon|italic=yes}}''.<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''Pericles'' 13.4.</ref>

A 2020 study by Janric van Rookhuijzen supports the idea that the building known today as the Parthenon was originally called the [[Hekatompedon temple|Hekatompedon]]. Based on literary and historical research, he proposes that "the treasury called the Parthenon should be recognized as the west part of the building now conventionally known as the [[Erechtheion]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Rookhuijzen |first=Jan Z. |date=2020 |title=The Parthenon Treasury on the Acropolis of Athens |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.3764/aja.124.1.0003 |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=3–35 |doi=10.3764/aja.124.1.0003 |hdl=1874/407955 |s2cid=213405037 |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724195408/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.3764/aja.124.1.0003 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kampouris |first=Nick |date=3 October 2021 |title=The Parthenon Has Had the Wrong Name for Centuries, Theory Claims |url=https://greekreporter.com/2021/10/03/the-parthenon-has-had-the-wrong-name-for-centuries-new-theory-claims/ |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=GreekReporter.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Because the Parthenon was dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena it has sometimes been referred to as the Temple of [[Minerva]], the Roman name for Athena, particularly during the 19th century.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 1878.</ref>

{{Lang|grc-Latn|Parthénos}} was also applied to the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] (''Parthénos Maria'') when the Parthenon was converted to a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary in the final decade of the 6th century.<ref name="freely">[https://books.google.com/books?id=QME9WXUnookC&pg=PA69 Freely 2004, p. 69] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117082922/https://books.google.com/books?id=QME9WXUnookC&pg=PA69|date=17 November 2022}} "Some modern writers maintain that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian sanctuary during the reign of [[Justinian]] (527–565)...But there is no evidence to support this in the ancient sources. The existing evidence suggests that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian [[basilica]] in the last decade of the sixth century."</ref>