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Partial zero-emissions vehicle
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== Definition and history == In [[California]], PZEVs have their own administrative category for low-emission vehicles. The category was made in a bargain between automakers and the [[California Air Resources Board]] (CARB), so that automobile makers could delay making mandated [[Zero emission vehicle|zero-emission vehicles]] (ZEVs)—battery [[Electric vehicle|electric]] and [[fuel cell vehicle|fuel-cell]] electric vehicles. The [[super ultra-low emission vehicle|super-ultra-low-emission vehicle]] (SULEV) standard is more stringent than the [[ultra-low-emission vehicle]] (ULEV) and [[low-emission vehicle]] standards. All emissions-related components, including the electric-propulsion parts of [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s, must be warranted for 15 years or 150,000 miles. '''Advanced Technology PZEVs''' (AT-PZEVs) are at least as "clean" as regular PZEVs. [[California Air Resources Board|CARB]] also prepared a TZEV (Transitional ZEV, formerly Enhanced AT-PZEV) category for [[plug-in hybrids]] (PHEVs) and [[hydrogen vehicle]]s. (Not to be confused with Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles which are certified as ZEV or Zero Emission Vehicles.) In addition to the 15 year or 150,000 mile warranty (dependent on the automaker for warranty length) for zero evaporative (fuel system) emissions, and SULEV tailpipe emissions, PHEVs must also warranty their traction battery for 10 years or 150,000 miles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/leviii/meetings/111610/zev_workshop_presentation_final.pdf |title=ZEV Regulation 2010. Staff Proposal |date=November 16, 2010 |access-date=2011-06-25 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929020704/http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/leviii/meetings/111610/zev_workshop_presentation_final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> While PHEVs and hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles exist, none meet this stringent standard. Except some hybrids and alternative-fuel vehicles, PZEVs do not inherently offer consumers any kind of incentives other than the extended emissions warranty. In particular, PZEV vehicles do not automatically qualify for the hybrid vehicle tax credit or for the "clean air vehicle" decal that used to allow hybrid car drivers to use car-pool lanes.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[California Department of Motor Vehicles]]| url=http://www.dmv.ca.gov/vr/decal.htm | title=Clean Air Stickers - High Occupancy Vehicle Lane Usage | accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref> PZEVs do, however, provide benefits to the originating automaker in the form of ZEV credits. Automakers must have a certain number of ZEV credits based on the number of vehicles they sell annually in California, with exceptions granted for small volume manufacturers. Without ZEV credits, automakers cannot sell in California. Automakers with excess credits can sell them. No automaker has ever missed compliance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevcredits/zevcredits.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008072251/http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevcredits/zevcredits.htm |archive-date=2010-10-08 |title=Zero Emission Vehicle Credits}}</ref> Originally, PZEVs were available only in [[California]], [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Oregon]], [[Vermont]], some regions near those states, and Canada. The six "clean-car states" had implemented California's motor-vehicle pollution-control rules. Other states soon began implementing these standards, including [[Alaska]], [[Connecticut]], [[Maryland]], [[New Jersey]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Rhode Island]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]], and PZEVs are now widely available in the United States.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014230128/https://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/classifieds/news/automotive/reviews/stories/DN-AutosSubaru_24emp.ART0.State.Edition1.4321de6.html | title=Uniting greens, gearheads | accessdate=2007-09-24 |date=June 29, 2007|publisher=[[Dallas Morning News]]}}</ref>
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