Editing Pedestrian zone (section)

==History==

===Origins in arcades===
[[File:GalerieVivienne1.jpg|thumb|upright|The Galerie Vivienne in Paris]]
The idea of separating pedestrians from wheeled traffic is an old one, dating back at least to the [[Renaissance]].<ref name="hall"/> However, the earliest modern implementation of the idea in cities seems to date from about 1800, when the first [[Covered passages of Paris|covered shopping arcade was opened in Paris]].<ref name="hall">{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=Peter|last2=Hass-Klau|first2=Carmen|title=Can Rail Save the City? The impacts of rapid transit and pedestrianisation on British and German cities|date=1985|publisher=Gower Publishing|location=Aldershot|isbn=978-0566009471|page=83}}</ref> Separated shopping arcades were constructed throughout Europe in the 19th century, precursors of modern shopping malls. A number of architects and city planners, including [[Joseph Paxton]], [[Ebenezer Howard]], and [[Clarence Stein]], in the 19th and early 20th centuries proposed plans to separate pedestrians from traffic in various new developments.<ref name="hall2">{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=Peter|last2=Hass-Klau|first2=Carmen|title=Can Rail Save the City? The impacts of rapid transit and pedestrianisation on British and German cities|date=1985|publisher=Gower Publishing|location=Aldershot|isbn=978-0566009471|page=89}}</ref>

===1920s–1970s===
The first "pedestrianisation" of an existing street seems to have taken place "around 1929" in [[Essen]], Germany. This was in Limbecker Straße, a very narrow shopping street that could not accommodate both vehicular and pedestrian traffic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.wdr.de/mediathek/video/sendungen/lokalzeit-ruhr/video-aelteste-fussgaengerzone-deutschlands-wird--und-befindet-sich-in-essen-100.html| url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022215306/http://www1.wdr.de/mediathek/video/sendungen/lokalzeit-ruhr/video-aelteste-fussgaengerzone-deutschlands-wird--und-befindet-sich-in-essen-100.html| archive-date = 22 October 2017| title = Video: Älteste Fußgängerzone Deutschlands wird 90 und befindet sich in Essen - Lokalzeit Ruhr - Sendungen A-Z - Video - Mediathek - WDR}}</ref> Two other German cities followed this model in the early 1930s, but the idea was not seen outside Germany.<ref name="hall"/> Following the devastation of the Second World War a number of European cities implemented plans to pedestrianise city streets, although usually on a largely [[ad hoc]] basis, through the early 1950s, with little landscaping or planning.<ref name="hall"/> By 1955 twenty-one German cities had closed at least one street to automobile traffic, although only four were "true" pedestrian streets, designed for the purpose.<ref name="hall"/> At this time pedestrianisation was not seen as a [[traffic calming|traffic restraint]] policy, but rather as a complement{{clarify|date=July 2016}} to customers who would arrive by car in a city centre.<ref name="hall"/>

Pedestrianisation was also common in the United States during the 1950s and 60s as downtown businesses attempted to compete with new suburban shopping malls. However, most of these initiatives were not successful in the long term, and about 90% have been changed back to motorised areas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Judge|first1=Cole|title=The Experiment of American Pedestrian Malls: Trends Analysis, Necessary Indicators for Success and Recommendations for Fresno's Fulton Mall|url=http://downtowndevelopment.com/pdf/americanpedmallexperiment.pdf|publisher=Fresno Future|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref>

===1980s–2010s===
{{Globalize section|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Times Square, Manhattan, New York (7237734924).jpg|thumb|Pedestrianized area in [[Times Square]], [[New York City]]]]
[[File:LasVegas-FremontStreet.jpg|thumb|[[Fremont Street Experience]] in [[Las Vegas]] with the neon lights on]]
In the United States, several pedestrian zones in major tourist areas were successful, such as the renovation of the mall in [[Santa Monica]] on [[Westside, Los Angeles|Los Angeles' Westside]] and its relaunch as the [[Third Street Promenade]];<ref name="Santa Monica's Third Street Promenade: the failure and resurgence of a downtown pedestrian mall">{{cite journal|url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/udi/journal/v13/n3/full/udi20088a.html|title=Santa Monica's Third Street Promenade: the failure and resurgence of a downtown pedestrian mall|year=2008|doi=10.1057/udi.2008.8|last1=Pojani|first1=Dorina|journal=Urban Design International|volume=13|issue=3|pages=141–155|s2cid=108994768|url-access=subscription}}</ref> the creation of the covered, pedestrian [[Fremont Street Experience]] in [[Downtown Las Vegas]];<ref name="nlc.org">[https://www.nlc.org/sites/default/files/2020-01/CS_PedestrianReport_Final_WEB.pdf  ''Pedestrian zones in cities'', National Urban League, 2020]</ref> the revival of [[East 4th Street (Cleveland)|East 4th Street]] in [[Downtown Cleveland|Downtown]] [[Cleveland]];<ref>{{cite news|last=Nickoloff|first=Annie|title=Exploring East 4th Street: 16 restaurants, shops and venues in the downtown neighborhood|newspaper=[[The Plain Dealer]]|url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2021/04/exploring-east-4th-street-16-restaurants-shops-and-venues-in-the-downtown-neighborhood.html|date=22 April 2021|access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref> and the new pedestrian zone created in the mid-2010s in New York City including along Broadway (the street) and around [[Times Square]].<ref name=Torossian_Observer>{{cite news|last=Torossian |first=Ronn|author-link=Ronn Torossian|title=New York For New Yorkers|url=http://observer.com/2014/05/new-york-for-new-yorkers/|newspaper=New York Observer|date=14 May 2014}}</ref>

===COVID-19 pandemic===
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, some cities had made the pedestrianization of additional streets to encourage [[social distancing]] and in many cases to provide extra rooms for restaurants to serve food on patios extended into the newly available spaces. In the United States, [[New York City]] closed up to {{convert|100|mile|km}} of streets to cars across the city.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Spivack |first1=Caroline |title=New York will open up to 100 miles of streets to pedestrians: The move will help New Yorkers socially distance amid the coronavirus pandemic |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2020/4/27/21238276/nyc-coronavirus-opens-100-miles-streets-pedestrians-biking |publisher=Curbed |date=27 April 2020}}</ref> In [[Madrid]], [[Spain]], the city pedestrianized {{convert|19|km|mile}} of streets and {{convert|235000|sqm|acre}} of spaces in total.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Domingo |first1=Marta |title=Madrid peatonalizará 29 calles los fines de semana y festivos y abrirá los parques de los distritos mañana |url=https://www.abc.es/espana/madrid/abci-coronavirus-madrid-peatonalizara-23-calles-fines-semana-y-festivos-y-abrira-parques-distritos-manana-202005071214_noticia.html |publisher=ABC Madrid |date=7 May 2020}}</ref> The COVID-19 pandemic gave also birth to proposals for radical change in the organisation of the city, in particular [[Barcelona]], being the pedestrianisation of the whole city and the proposal of an inversion of the concept of ''sidewalk'' two elements of the Manifesto for the Reorganisation of the city, written by architecture and urban theorist Massimo Paolini and signed by 160 academics and 300 architects. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Paolini|first=Massimo|date=20 April 2020|title=Manifesto for the Reorganisation of the City after COVID19|language=en-GB|url=https://www.degrowth.info/en/2020/05/manifesto-for-the-reorganisation-of-the-city-after-covid-19/|access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Argemí|first=Anna|date=8 May 2020|title=Por una Barcelona menos mercantilizada y más humana|language=es|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/05/06/alterconsumismo/1588769208_267470.html|access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Maiztegui|first=Belén|date=18 June 2020|title=Manifiesto por la reorganización de la ciudad tras el COVID-19|language=es|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/05/06/alterconsumismo/1588769208_267470.html|access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref>