Editing Peer-to-peer (section)

==Development==
[[File:SETI@home Multi-Beam screensaver.png|thumb|[[SETI@home]] was established in 1999.]]
While P2P systems had previously been used in many application domains,<ref name="D. Barkai, 2002"/> the concept was popularized by [[file sharing]] systems such as the music-sharing application [[Napster]]. The peer-to-peer movement allowed millions of Internet users to connect "directly, forming groups and collaborating to become user-created search engines, virtual supercomputers, and filesystems".<ref name="Oram, A. 2001">{{Cite book|title=Peer-to-peer: harnessing the benefits of disruptive technology |date=2001|publisher=O'Reilly|isbn=9780596001100|editor-last=Oram|editor-first=Andrew|location=[[Sebastopol, California]]|language=en|oclc=123103147|url=https://archive.org/details/peertopeerharnes00oram_0}}</ref> The basic concept of peer-to-peer computing was envisioned in earlier software systems and networking discussions, reaching back to principles stated in the first [[Request for Comments]], RFC 1.<ref>RFC 1, ''Host Software'', S. Crocker, IETF Working Group (April 7, 1969)</ref>

[[Tim Berners-Lee]]'s vision for the [[World Wide Web]] was close to a P2P network in that it assumed each user of the web would be an active editor and contributor, creating and linking content to form an interlinked "web" of links. The early Internet was more open than the present day, where two machines connected to the Internet could send packets to each other without firewalls and other security measures.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Internet security enters the Middle Ages  |date=1995 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/467613 |access-date=2023-12-14 |doi=10.1109/2.467613 |last1=Oppliger |first1=R. |journal=Computer |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=100–101 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Oram, A. 2001" />{{Page needed|date=March 2018}} This contrasts with the [[broadcasting]]-like structure of the web as it has developed over the years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/1996/ppf.html |title=The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future |first=Tim |last=Berners-Lee |date=August 1996 |access-date=5 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sandhu |first1=R. |last2=Zhang |first2=X. |title=Proceedings of the tenth ACM symposium on Access control models and technologies |chapter=Peer-to-peer access control architecture using trusted computing technology |date=2005 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1063979.1064005 |pages=147–158 | doi=10.1145/1063979.1064005|isbn=1595930450 |s2cid=1478064 }}</ref><ref name="Steinmetz, R. 2005 pp. 9-16" /> As a precursor to the Internet, [[ARPANET]] was a successful peer-to-peer network where "every participating node could request and serve content". However, ARPANET was not self-organized, and it could not "provide any means for context or content-based routing beyond 'simple' address-based routing."<ref name="Steinmetz, R. 2005 pp. 9-16">{{Cite book|title=Peer-to-Peer Systems and Applications|last1=Steinmetz|first1=Ralf|last2=Wehrle|first2=Klaus|date=2005|publisher=Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=9783540291923|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|pages=9–16|language=en|chapter=2. What Is This "Peer-to-Peer" About?|doi=10.1007/11530657_2}}</ref>

Therefore, [[Usenet]], a distributed messaging system that is often described as an early peer-to-peer architecture, was established. It was developed in 1979 as a system that enforces a [[Decentralized computing|decentralized model]] of control.<ref>Horton, Mark, and Rick Adams. "Standard for interchange of USENET messages." (1987): 1. https://www.hjp.at/doc/rfc/rfc1036.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612114622/https://hjp.at/doc/rfc/rfc1036.html |date=2021-06-12 }}</ref> The basic model is a [[client–server]] model from the user or client perspective that offers a self-organizing approach to newsgroup servers. However, [[news server]]s communicate with one another as peers to propagate Usenet news articles over the entire group of network servers. The same consideration applies to [[SMTP]] email in the sense that the core email-relaying network of [[mail transfer agent]]s has a peer-to-peer character, while the periphery of [[Email client]]s and their direct connections is strictly a client-server relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=M. K. |title=CLIENT SERVER TECHNOLOGY |url=https://dde-ac.in/Books/C132.pdf |publisher=SWAMI VIVEKANAND SUBHARTI UNIVERSITY}}</ref>

In May 1999, with millions more people on the Internet, [[Shawn Fanning]] introduced the music and file-sharing application called [[Napster]].<ref name="Steinmetz, R. 2005 pp. 9-16"/> Napster was the beginning of peer-to-peer networks, as we know them today, where "participating users establish a virtual network, entirely independent from the physical network, without having to obey any administrative authorities or restrictions".<ref name="Steinmetz, R. 2005 pp. 9-16" />