Editing Peramelemorphia (section)

==Phylogeny==
{{see also|List of peramelemorphs}}

===Placement within Marsupialia===
The position of the Peramelemorphia within the marsupial family tree has long been puzzling and controversial. There are two [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] features in the order that appear to show a clear evolutionary link with another marsupial group: the type of foot, and the teeth. Unfortunately, these clear signposts point in opposite directions.<ref>Gordon, G., Hulbert, A.J., 1989. Peramelidae, In: Walton, D.W. (Ed.), Fauna of Australia. . Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, pp. 603–624.</ref>

All members of the order are polyprotodont (have several pairs of lower front teeth)&mdash;in the case of the Peramelemorphia, three pairs. This suggests that they have evolved within [[Dasyuromorphia]] (marsupial carnivores). On the other hand, they also have an unusual feature in their feet: the second and third toes are fused together. This condition is called [[syndactyl]]y, and is characteristic of the [[Diprotodontia]] (the order of marsupial [[herbivore]]s that includes [[kangaroo]]s, [[wombat]]s, [[Phalangeriformes|possums]], and many others).<ref>Strahan, R. 1995. Mammals of Australia. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.</ref>

Attempts to resolve this puzzle include the view that the bandicoot group evolved from the carnivores, retaining the polyprotodont dentition, and independently evolving a syndactyl hind foot; the contrary view that syndactyly is so unusual that it is unlikely to have evolved twice and therefore the bandicoot group must have evolved from a possum-like diprotodont creature, and re-evolved its extra teeth. A third view suggests that the bandicoot group evolved from a primitive carnivore, developed the syndactylous hind foot as a specialisation for climbing, and the diprotodonts then split off and evolved the two-tooth jaw that gives them their name. Recent molecular level investigations do not so far appear to have resolved the puzzle, but do strongly suggest that whatever the relationship of the bandicoot group to the other marsupial orders may be, it is a distant one.<ref name="Meredith 2008" />

===Relationships within Peramelemorphia===
Recent molecular analyses have resulted in a [[phylogenetic]] reconstruction of the members of Peramelemorphia with quite strong support. The most [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] split separates [[Thylacomyidae]] (''[[Macrotis]]'') from all other bandicoots. Probably the next to diverge was the recently extinct Chaeropodidae (''[[Pig-footed bandicoot|Chaeropus]]''). The remaining taxa comprise the [[Peramelidae]], which divides into subfamilies [[Peramelinae]] (''[[Isoodon]]'' and ''[[Perameles]]'') and a clade in which the [[Echymiperinae]] (''[[Echymipera]]'' and ''[[Microperoryctes]]'') form a sister group to [[Peroryctinae]] (''[[Peroryctes]]''):

{| class="wikitable"
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! colspan=1 | Meredith 2008<ref name="Meredith 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Meredith, Robert W. |author2=Westerman, Michael |author3=Springer, Mark S. | year = 2008 | title = A timescale and phylogeny for "Bandicoots" (Peramelemorphia: Marsupialia) based on the sequences for five nuclear genes | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–20 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.002 | pmid=18328736|bibcode=2008MolPE..47....1M }}</ref>
! colspan=1 | Upham et al. 2019<ref name="Upham2019">{{cite journal |last1=Upham |first1=Nathan S. |last2=Esselstyn |first2=Jacob A. |last3=Jetz |first3=Walter |year=2019 |title=Inferring the mammal tree Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages= e3000494|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494 |doi-access=free |pmid=31800571 |pmc=6892540 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Upham |first1=Nathan S. |last2=Esselstyn |first2=Jacob A. |last3=Jetz |first3=Walter |year=2019 |title=DR_on4phylosCompared_linear_richCol_justScale_ownColors_withTips_80in |url=https://github.com/n8upham/MamPhy_v1/blob/master/Fig6_compare_tipDRs/DR_on4phylosCompared_linear_richCol_justScale_ownColors_withTips_80in.pdf |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages= e3000494|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494 |doi-access=free |pmid=31800571 |pmc=6892540 }}</ref>
! colspan=1 | Álvarez-Carretero et al. 2022<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Álvarez-Carretero |first1=Sandra |last2=Tamuri |first2=Asif U. |last3=Battini |first3=Matteo |last4=Nascimento |first4=Fabrícia F. |last5=Carlisle |first5=Emily |last6=Asher |first6=Robert J. |last7=Yang |first7=Ziheng |last8=Donoghue |first8=Philip C.J. |last9=dos Reis |first9=Mario |year=2022 |title=A species-level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data |journal=Nature |volume= 602|issue=7896 |pages=263–267 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1 |pmid=34937052 |bibcode=2022Natur.602..263A |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04341-1|hdl=1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Álvarez-Carretero |first1=Sandra |last2=Tamuri |first2=Asif U. |last3=Battini |first3=Matteo |last4=Nascimento |first4=Fabrícia F. |last5=Carlisle |first5=Emily |last6=Asher |first6=Robert J. |last7=Yang |first7=Ziheng |last8=Donoghue |first8=Philip C.J. |last9=dos Reis |first9=Mario |year=2022 |title=4705sp_colours_mammal-time.tree |journal=Nature |volume= 602|issue=7896 |pages=263–267 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1 |pmid=34937052 |bibcode=2022Natur.602..263A |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Data_for_A_Species-Level_Timeline_of_Mammal_Evolution_Integrating_Phylogenomic_Data_/14885691|hdl=1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|- 
| style="vertical-align:top|
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|label1=Peramelemorphia
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
  |label1=[[Thylacomyidae]]
  |1=''[[Macrotis]]''
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |label1=†Chaeropodidae
    |1=''[[Pig-footed bandicoot|Chaeropus]]''
    |label2=[[Peramelidae]]
    |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Peramelinae]]
      |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Isoodon]]''
        |2=''[[Perameles]]''
         }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
        |label1=[[Echymiperinae]]
        |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Echymipera]]''
          |2=''[[Microperoryctes]]''
           }}
        |label2=[[Peroryctinae]]
        |2=''[[Peroryctes]]''
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
  |label1=[[Thylacomyidae]]
  |1=''[[Macrotis]]''
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |1=''[[Rhynchomeles]]''
    |2={{clade
    |label1=[[Peramelidae]]
    |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Peramelinae]]
      |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Isoodon]]''
        |2=''[[Perameles]]''
         }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
        |label1=[[Peroryctinae]]
        |1=''[[Peroryctes]]''
        |label2=[[Echymiperinae]]
        |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Echymipera]]''
          |2=''[[Microperoryctes]]''
           }}
         }}
       }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
  |label1=[[Thylacomyidae]]
  |1=''[[Macrotis]]''
     }}
  |2={{clade
  |label1=[[Peramelidae]]
  |1={{clade
    |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Peramelinae]]
    |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Isoodon]]''
      |2=''[[Perameles]]''
       }}
       }}
    |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Peroryctinae]]
      |1=''[[Peroryctes]]''
      |label2=[[Echymiperinae]]
      |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Echymipera]]'' [incl. ''[[Rhynchomeles]]'']
        |2=''[[Microperoryctes]]''
         }}
       }}
     }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|}