Editing Peripatric speciation (section)

== History ==
{{main|History of speciation}}
Peripatric speciation was originally proposed by [[Ernst Mayr]] in 1954,<ref name="Mayr1954"/> and fully theoretically modeled in 1982.<ref>Ernst Mayr. (1982). Processes of speciation in animals. In A. R. I. Liss. (eds) ''Mechanisms of Speciation'', Alan R. Liss Inc., New York. Pp. 1–19.</ref> It is related to the [[founder effect]], where small living populations may undergo selection bottlenecks.<ref>{{cite journal |author=W. B. Provine |title=Ernst Mayr: Genetics and speciation |url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/167/3/1041 |journal=Genetics |volume=167 |issue=3 |pages=1041–6 |date=1 July 2004|doi=10.1093/genetics/167.3.1041 |pmid=15280221 |pmc=1470966 }}</ref> The founder effect is based on models that suggest peripatric speciation can occur by the interaction of selection and [[genetic drift]],<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|106}} which may play a significant role.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Alan R. Templeton |title=The theory of speciation via the founder principle |url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/94/4/1011 |journal=Genetics |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=1011–38 |date=1 April 1980|doi=10.1093/genetics/94.4.1011 |pmid=6777243 |pmc=1214177 }}</ref> Mayr first conceived of the idea by his observations of [[kingfisher]] populations in New Guinea and its surrounding islands.<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|389}} ''[[Common paradise kingfisher|Tanysiptera galatea]]'' was largely uniform in morphology on the mainland, but the populations on the surrounding islands differed significantly—referring to this pattern as "peripatric".<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|389}} This same pattern was observed by many of Mayr's contemporaries at the time such as by [[E. B. Ford|E. B. Ford's]] studies of ''[[Maniola jurtina]]''.<ref name="Mayr1963">{{Citation | title=Animal Species and Evolution | author=Ernst Mayr | date=1963 | pages=1–797 | publisher=Harvard University Press }}</ref>{{rp|522}} Around the same time, the botanist [[Verne Grant]] developed a model of quantum speciation very similar to Mayr's model in the context of plants.<ref name="Gottlieb2003"/>

In what has been called Mayr's genetic revolutions, he postulated that genetic drift played the primary role that resulted in this pattern.<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|389}} Seeing that a species cohesion is maintained by conservative forces such as [[epistasis]] and the slow pace of the spread of favorable alleles in a large population (based heavily on [[J. B. S. Haldane]]'s calculations), he reasoned that speciation could only take place in which a [[population bottleneck]] occurred.<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|389}} A small, isolated, founder population could be established on an island for example. Containing less genetic variation from the main population, shifts in allele frequencies may occur from different selection pressures.<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|390}} This to further changes in the network of linked loci, driving a cascade of genetic change, or a "genetic revolution"—a large-scale reorganization of the entire genome of the peripheral population.<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|391}} Mayr did recognize that the chances of success were incredibly low and that extinction was likely; though noting that some examples of successful founder populations existed at the time.<ref name="Mayr1963"/>{{rp|522}}

Shortly after Mayr, William Louis Brown, Jr. proposed an alternative model of peripatric speciation in 1957 called centrifugal speciation. In 1976 and 1980, the Kaneshiro model of peripatric speciation was developed by [[Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro]] which focused on sexual selection as a driver for speciation during population bottlenecks.<ref name=KYK1976>{{Citation |title=Ethological isolation and phylogeny in the Plantibia subgroup of Hawaiian ''Drosophila'' |author=Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro |journal=Evolution |year=1976 |volume=30 |issue= 4 |pages=740–745 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1976.tb00954.x |pmid=28563322 |s2cid=205773169 }}</ref><ref name=KYK1980>{{Citation |title=Sexual selection, speciation and the direction of evolution |author=Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro |journal=Evolution |year=1980 |volume=34 |issue= 3|pages=437–444 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04833.x| pmid=28568697 |s2cid=28701838 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=AO&ABF2002>{{Citation |title=Sexual selection and peripatric speciation: the Kaneshiro model revisited |author=Anders Ödeen & Ann-Britt Florin |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2002 |volume=15 |issue= 2|pages=301–306 |doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00378.x|s2cid=82095639 |doi-access=free }}</ref>